Stonewall: The Battle of Kernstown

Stonewall: The Battle of Kernstown Rulebook

Table of Contents

PART ONE: STONEWALL EXCLUSIVE RULES
PART TWO: STONEWALL SCENARIO CARD
- "The Battle of Kernstown" March 23, 1862
PART THREE: GREAT BATTLES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR STANDARD RULES

PART ONE: STONEWALL EXCLUSIVE RULES

[19.0] Introduction

Stonewall is a grand tactical, regimental-level simulation of the Battle of Kernstown, March 23, 1862. The game enables players to recreate the encounter between Major General T.J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Confederate Valley Army and Brigadier General James Shield's Division, part of the Union Army of the Potomac.

The map sheet portrays the area of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia in which the battle was fought.

Players should read the Standard Rules, familiarize themselves with the game system, then read the Exclusive Rules. All Standard Rules are in effect except where specifically noted in the Exclusive Rules.

Each game turn is 20 minutes of real time, each hex is 120 yards in scale, and each Strength Point is 100 men or one gun.

[20.0] Units and Game Inventory

[20.2] Artillery Crews

[20.21] Stonewall comes with no gun crew markers. Use gun crew markers from any other GBACW game to signify gun crews.

[20.22] When an unlimbered battery crew fails a morale check, the Player whose unit is affected places a neutral crew counter on the battery and performs rout movement, abandoning the guns. Abandoned guns may not fire, change formation or move until they are re-crewed by their original crew. Abandoned guns also have no ZOC. If the original crew is eliminated the gun is considered captured and removed from play.

[20.23] Crew counters also have half-crew indicated on the reverse side which is used to mark batteries which have reduced crews. A player with a half crew should mark the battery's status on his OB sheet.

[21.0] Modifications and Additions to the Standard Rules

[21.1] Movement Allowance

[21.11] Infantry, Dismounted Cavalry and supply units have 5 MP's.

[21.12] Standard Artillery (Limbered) have 8 MP's.

[21.13] Mounted Cavalry, Leaders, and Horse Artillery (Limbered) have 10 MP's.

[21.14] Pikes, Roads and Trails negate costs of other terrain in the hexes crossed. Exception: in Stonewall, Pikes, Roads and Trails do NOT eliminate the cost of a change in height due to crossing a slope, ridge or crest.

[21.15] See Terrain Effects Chart (TEC 9.0 on the Stonewall map) for specific Terrain costs.

[21.2] Stone Walls

[21.21] A number of hexsides on the map are considered Stone Walls (see the Terrain Key on the map.) Stone Walls do not affect the movement of Infantry or Cavalry in any formation. However, neither Artillery nor Supply Wagons may cross a Stone Wall hexside. In addition, Stone Walls have an effect on combat and melee, although they have no effect on Line of Sight.

[21.3] Kernstown

The town of Kernstown offers unique problems for both movement and combat.

[21.31] Infantry/dismounted Cavalry in line formation may move only one hex per Player Turn in either of the two town hexes of Kernstown. (i.e., it costs these unit their total movement allowance to enter these hexes) unless the unit is moving in column formation on the Valley Turnpike or the Back Road.

[21.32] Artillery Units / Supply Wagons may enter town hexes only on Pike or Road hexes. Otherwise, the town is treated as impassible.

[21.33] Mounted Cavalry units may move normally on the Valley Turnpike or the Back Road within the town, otherwise they may enter town hexes at a cost of 3 MPs per hex.

[21.34] Leaders move as mounted Cavalry.

[21.4] Rivers and Streams

[21.41] Rivers are noted with black lines at the edge. Rivers may only be crossed at fords (paying the additional ford movement cost) or at bridges. (Note: To use a bridge an infantry unit must be in column formation.)

[21.42] Streams may be crossed at any location paying the additional stream movement cost.

[21.5] Slopes, Ridges, Crests and Hilltops

[21.51] Slopes count only for movement. They do not affect LOS or Fire Combat. Slopes do not imply the unit at the top of a slope is at a higher level. Slopes do not block LOS.

[21.52] Ridges and Crests affect movement, LOS, fire combat and melee.

[21.53] Hilltops affect LOS. But the combination of ridges and crests and hilltops may affect LOS, Fire Combat and Melee.

[21.6] Ammo Depletion

[21.61] The standard ammo depletion rule is in effect for Stonewall, but it occurs on the roll of a six, not 1. (On a Fire combat die roll of six, each unit firing will roll a subsequent die. On a roll of one or two, the unit is marked as ammo depleted.)

[21.62] In Stonewall, units that are ammo depleted add one to their morale check die roll.

[21.63] In Stonewall, any Confederate unit that suffers Ammo Depletion also deletes 2 from its BCE level. Any Union unit that suffers ammo depletion deletes 1 from its BCE level. If these units are re-supplied, these temporary changes to BCE are ignored. If this change returns a brigade to non-BCE status, that change occurs immediately.

[21.64] In Stonewall, the Confederate units have no supply wagons. If they capture a Union supply wagon, they may use it to supply small arms ammo to their troops.

[21.7] Fire Combat Changes

[21.71] Mounted cavalry may not fire.

[21.72] Changes to the Fire Combat Effects Table. Stonewall uses a special Fire Combat Effects table. (10.9 on the Stonewall Map.) Changes:

'Pin': A Pin result means the target unit is automatically pinned. (No morale check is necessary.)

'*': An Asterisk means that if the firing unit was Artillery and the target is infantry or dismounted cavalry ignore the result and the defending unit is pinned instead.

Special Note: While the 1 FP and 2 FP firepower columns are identical, they are in place to lessen the impact of column shifts at lower firepower ranges.

[21.8] LOS Rule Changes

[21.81] The Stonewall map uses the original TSS map design, meaning Slopes, Crests, Ridges and Hilltops are used instead of color-coded levels.

The Standard GBACW rules apply: Combat units, woods, towns, as well as crests, ridges and hilltops block LOS between units at the same level, unless one of the units occupies the blocking terrain. (Referred to below as blocks or blocking terrain.)

You may always fire into blocking terrain, but not through it.

Exception: Units at higher elevations may be able to shoot 'over' these obstacles, depending on distance and height.

The following specific LOS rules apply to Stonewall:

[21.82] Units may always fire at enemy units in an adjacent hex.

[21.83] There are three height levels in Stonewall: Ground level, Ridge/Crest level, and Hilltop level. (Ground level is the lowest, Ridge/Crest level is the intermediate level, and hilltop is the highest.) Units occupying these levels are said to be at that level. Blocking terrain are also judged by the level they occupy.

[21.84] Ridge/Crest: Units must be adjacent to a ridge or a crest hexside to see or be seen. Units adjacent to a ridge or crest are considered to be at the intermediate height level unless they also occupy a hilltop hex. (If units are fired on through that ridge or crest they receive a defensive shift. This benefit only applies if the unit is fired on through the 'upslope' splash of a crest or ridge.)

[21.85] Units in a hilltop hex must still occupy a hex whose hexside is a ridge to shoot through a ridge hexside at a lower unit, or to be shot through a ridge hexside by a unit at a lower level.

[21.86] LOS Blocks, basic rules: (Same or similar to GBACW standard rules.)

If the block exists on the same level as both units and is between the units, the fire is blocked.
Intervening blocking units or terrain that are higher than either the firing unit's level or the target's level blocks fire.
Intervening blocking units or terrain that are lower than both the firing unit's level or the target's level does not block fire.

[21.87] LOS Blocks, advanced: (Slightly different from GBACW standard rules.)

If the block is at the same level as the lower unit, and the other unit is higher, there are two possible outcomes:

If the blocking terrain or unit is closer to the lower unit, the LOS is blocked.
If the blocking terrain or unit is closer to the higher unit, the LOS is clear.

[22.0] Artillery

[22.1] Artillery are considered independent units in Stonewall.

[22.2] Optional: Players may agree to use artillery overshoot rules. (See Cedar Mountain, 22.0)

[23.0] Cavalry

[23.1] Cavalry in Stonewall may always move and dismount without a leader, but they must be in command to mount.

[23.2] Once dismounted, cavalry must be in command to move or mount.

[24.0] Morale

[24.1] Units in Stonewall use letters instead of numbers for morale. Substitute the following morale for each letter: A: 6*, B: 5*, C: 4, D: 3, E: 2. (The asterisk means that if that unit's morale is rolled, roll again. If the subsequent die is six, the unit routs, otherwise, no effect.)

[25.0] Union Army Morale Level

Union Army Morale is a cumulative measure of various factors. The Union entered the battle of Kernstown relatively well prepared but uncertain as to the number of Southern units they faced. (General Shields believed he faced 9,000 to 11,000 Southern troops, about 3 times the number Jackson had available.) These rules reflect that uncertainty.

[25.1] The Union Army Morale level begins at 30.

[25.2] The Union receives 10 points at the beginning of each game turn, including turn 1.

[25.3] The Union player immediately reduces his Army Morale level 1 point for every friendly infantry or cavalry strength point eliminated, captured or routed.

[25.4] The Union player immediately increases his Army Morale level 1 point for every friendly infantry or cavalry strength point that rallies.

[25.5] The Union player loses Army Morale points for each leader killed, wounded or captured. The points are equal to the Effectiveness Radius of the lost leader.

[25.6] Morale Point Usage: In the initial command phase, the Union player must expend 5 morale points for any brigade he wishes to move that turn. (Movement is considered the use of movement points, so even if a unit is not alerted by the expenditure of Morale Points, it may change facing, fire, etc.)

[25.7] If the brigade in question has lost BCE, the Union player must expend 10 points instead to activate the brigade.

[25.8] The Union player must expend 20 points the first time it activates Tyler's Brigade. After the first time, it costs only normal points to move Tyler's Brigade.

[25.9] Demoralization

[25.91] At the end of each Game Turn where the Union player has less than 30 Morale Points, each Union Brigade must immediately check for demoralization. The Union player rolls a die for each brigade, consulting the Demoralization table on the map. (19.42)

[25.92] If a brigade becomes demoralized, the Union player rolls again and that is the number of points that brigade's BCE level is reduced.

[25.93] If a brigade loses BCE, no further demoralization rolls are needed since demoralization can have no further effect.

[25.94] However, a demoralized brigade that has not lost BCE is subject to future BCE rolls. If a brigade is demoralized and has to check demoralization again, subtract 1 from the demoralization die roll.

[25.95] NO victory points are awarded to the Confederate for brigades that lose BCE due to demoralization. However, if further combat losses would have caused the unit to become BCE without demoralization, then the CSA player receives the BCE victory points for the brigade.

[26.0] Brigade Combat Effectiveness

[26.1] In Stonewall, a Brigade's BCE level is affected by its ammo supply. (See 21.63).

[26.2] In Stonewall, Union troops BCE levels are also affected by their Union Army Morale Level. (See 25.0)

[26.3] Artillery losses do NOT count toward BCE. Artillery is NOT affected by BCE loss.

[26.4] In Stonewall, the following BCE loss penalties take effect immediately on losing 1 point more than the listed BCE level:

No Unit in the brigade may initiate melee.
If a brigade unit is routed and it is within the Effectiveness Radius of the brigade's commander, all other units of that brigade that are within the command radius of that officer are routed immediately. Units not in command or in melee are not affected.

[27.0] Confederate Units Exiting the Map

[27.1] Except as outlined below, no unit may voluntarily exit the map. If a unit is forced to do so it is captured.

[27.2] Confederate units (only) may exit the North map edge in order to fulfill certain Victory Conditions (see 29.0). These units may exit any North map edge hex by expending a number of additional MPs equal to the MP cost of the hex they occupy.

[27.3] Infantry units in column, limbered Artillery units and Mounted Cavalry units leaving the map via the turnpike pay double the road movement cost.

[27.3] Once units exit the map they may not re-enter.

[28.0] Deployment

[28.1] The game begins at 1400 and ends at 1900, a total of 15 Game Turns. The Union Player deploys all his units on the map. Then the Confederate Player deploys his units. The Confederate player is the first player.

[28.2] Cavalry units may be deployed either mounted or dismounted; artillery must be deployed unlimbered. (See original Stonewall rules 21.1 and 21.2 for deployments.)

[29.0] Victory Conditions

[29.1] Victory is awarded to the player who has amassed the most Victory Points according to the following schedule. Both players receive:

1 VP for each enemy SP killed.
2 VP for each enemy SP captured.
3 VP for each enemy Cavalry SP killed or captured.
1 VP for each enemy gun destroyed by artillery fire.
2 VP for each gun captured in Melee.
Leaders wounded or killed: 1 VP per each Effectiveness Rating point.
Leaders Captured: 2 VP per each Effectiveness Rating point.

[29.2] Each side receives VPs as assigned for each enemy brigade that loses BCE. (Exception: 25.95)

[29.3] The CSA player also receives VPs for controlling terrain and for units exiting the map. (See original Stonewall rule 22.2)

[29.4] The Union player gets one VP for each of his Army Morale Points that remain at the end of the game. See Stonewall rule 22.4 for levels of victory.

PART TWO: STONEWALL SCENARIO CARD

"The Battle of Kernstown" March 23, 1862

Union Player Set Up

First Player: CSA.

Sullivan's Brigade, Brodhead's Cavalry Brigade, E 4th U.S. Arty Res. Battery. Setup: on any hex north of Hogg Run, south of 0024 hex row, and east of 3200 hex column, inclusive.
Kimball's Brigade, H 1 Ohio Arty Battery, L 1st Ohio Arty Battery. Setup: on or adjacent to any hilltop hex of Pritchard's Hill.
Tyler's Brigade, Union Supply Wagon, A 1st W. Virginia Light Arty, B 1st W. Virginia Light Arty. Setup: on or adjacent to hex 2907.

Confederate Player Set Up

Ashby's Cavalry Brigade, Chew's Horse Arty Battery. Setup: on any hex south of Hogg Run that is between hex columns 2800 and 4300, inclusive.
All remaining Confederate units. Enter: CSA Player Turn 1 on any hex of the South map edge between column 2400 and 4300, inclusive.

Stonewall Special Rules

SR 1: Union Set Up: As listed above. Artillery MUST setup unlimbered. Arty is considered attached as listed for SR 12 purposes.

SR 2: Confederate Setup / Reinforcements: CSA units are deployed as listed. Artillery set up on map must be unlimbered. Reinforcement Artillery enters limbered. Reinforcements enter the map at the hex/range listed on that player turn. Reinforcements are not subject to command restrictions until the turn after they enter the map.

SR 3: Starting the Game: The Union sets up first; the Confederate is the first player.

SR 4: Cavalry Special Rules: Fire: may not fire mounted. Movement: may move and dismount without a leader, but must be in Command to mount. Must be in command to charge or melee. Dismounted Cavalry are treated like Infantry in line, and must be in command to function.

SR 5: Artillery: (Optional) Artillery firing at a range of 9 or greater must check for accuracy. Each firing unit checks separately. Combine all accurate shots and resolve the fire. For shots that were not accurate, roll to check where shells landed and if occupied, resolve the fire.

SR 6: Melee: Units eligible to advance into melee do not have to make a die roll. Advance into melee is automatic.

SR 7: Melee Strength Adjustment: Only one point may be added to the melee defender's strength for terrain.

SR 8: Ammo Depletion: In Stonewall, Ammo Depletion happens on a subsequent dr of 1 or 2 following a Fire Combat result of 6. Ammo Depletion affects both sides, but only the Union has a supply wagon. The CSA may resupply their units if they capture the Union supply wagon.

SR 9: Ammo depletion and morale: Ammo Dep. Units add +1 to any morale check die roll.

SR 10: Ammo Depletion and BCE: Confederates: Each regiment that is Ammo Depleted causes its brigade to lose 2 points from its current BCE level. Union: Each regiment that is Ammo Depleted causes a loss of 1 point from their brigade's BCE level. If resupplied, these points return, and this may bring a brigade back from BCE.

SR 11: Brigade Combat Effectiveness Loss: Takes place immediately!

BCE units may not initiate melee.
If a regiment of a BCE'd brigade routs and is in command radius of its leader, all other brigade units in command radius of that leader rout automatically.
The Union cost to move a unit of a BCE'd brigade is 10 points. (See SR 12.)

SR 12: Union Army Morale Level: The Union Army in Stonewall starts the game with 30 Army Morale Points (AMP). At the beginning of each Game Turn, the Union player receives 10 additional AMPs.

Movement: At the beginning of the Union Player Turn, the Union player subtracts 5 AMPs for each brigade he wishes to expend movement points that turn. (This excludes leaders.) If the brigade is BCE'd, the cost is 10 AMPs instead.

Tyler's Brigade: is considered in reserve at the start of the game. The Union must expend 15 additional AMPs (20 AMPs total) to activate/move Tyler. This only applies the first time Tyler's Brigade moves - after that, it is 5 AMP per turn.

Losses, Rallies: The Union Player subtracts 1 AMP for each Inf. or Cav. strength point that is eliminated, captured, or routed. 1 AMP is gained for each SP that rallies. Leaders lost also cost AMPs, based on 1 x their Effectiveness rating.

SR 13: Demoralization: At the end of any Game Turn, if the Union has less than 30 AMPs, each Union Brigade must roll for demoralization. The result is the number of BCE points lost from that brigade's BCE level! If demoralized once, subsequent rolls have a -1 modifier.

SR 14: Victory points are given for casualties (x1), captures (x2), and causing BCE losses to enemy brigades. (as listed.) Cavalry is (x3) per SP loss.

SR 15: VPs for Exiting the map: CSA units may exit the North map edge (only) to fulfill Victory Conditions. These units are not eliminated, but they may never return. The Confederate player receives 5 times the current combat strength of any Infantry, Artillery or Horse Artillery unit exited. The CSA gets 10 times the current combat strength of any Cavalry unit that exits. NOTE: These points are awarded at the end of the game ONLY if their brigade commander (or replacement) has also exited. EXC: Ashby, not a replacement, must exit for the Cavalry points to count. Also, no points if the exited Brigade is BCE!

SR 16: VP for Hex Control: The CSA gets 5 VPs per current strength point hex for the occupation of certain hexes with a non-routed unit at the end of the game: These points are awarded only if the unit is not routed. BCE ok.

Pritchard's Hill: (Any hilltop level hex around/including 2219.)
Hill 2411: (The crest hexes centered around/including 2411.)
Hill 2910: (Hex 2910 only)
Hill 2912: (Hex 2912 only)

Special Terrain Rules

Pikes, Trails and Roads: Units in column, limbered artillery, mounted cavalry and leaders using the road pay the road movement cost rather than the terrain in the hex (not including slopes, ridges, crests, and hilltops.)

Crests and Steep Crests: Up and down crest cost MPs in this game.

Rivers and Streams: Rivers have solid lines, and may only be crossed at fords or bridges. (Bridges only if in column / mounted.)

Stonewalls: Only affect movement of Artillery Units and Wagons. Does affect Combat/Melee.

Kernstown: 1 hex per turn for Infantry/dismounted Cavalry, 3 MP for Mounted Cavalry/Leaders, and Arty/Wagons may only enter on roads.

Victory Conditions

Players receive Victory Points for causing casualties, capturing units, and controlling terrain objectives.

Victory: At the end of the game, total the Victory Points. If the difference is:

1 to 30 VPs: Marginal Victory (Strategic modifier: Union: -1, CSA: +1)
31 to 60 VPs: Substantial Victory (Strategic modifier: Union: -2)
61 or above: Decisive Victory! (Strategic modifier: Union: -3)

The Union player now rolls on the Strategic Victory chart, modified as noted above. (If CSA Substantial or Decisive, the result is a CSA Strategic Victory!)

Strategic Victory Chart

Die roll	Result
0-1	Union Strategic Victory! No additional troops sent to the Valley. McClellan's operation is unimpeded!
2	Draw! Some additional troops sent to the Valley. McClellan's operation is slightly weakened.
3-6	Confederate Strategic Victory! McDowell's Corps is withdrawn from McClellan's command, Peninsula campaign is hampered.

PART THREE: GREAT BATTLES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR STANDARD RULES

Read This First

The rules of this SPI simulation game are organized in a format known as the Case System. This system of organization divides the rules into Major Sections (each of which deals with an important aspect of play). These Sections are numbered sequentially as well as being named. Each of these Major Sections is introduced by a General Rule which briefly describes the subject of the Section. Many times this General Rule is followed by a Procedure which describes the basic action the Player will take when using the rules in that Section. Finally, the bulk of each Major Section consists of Cases. These are the specific, detailed rules that actually regulate play. Each of these Cases is also numbered. The numbering follows a logical system based upon the number of the Major Section of which the Cases are a part. A Case with the number 6.53, for example, is the third Secondary Case of the fifth Primary Case of the sixth Major Section of the rules. Many times these Primary Cases are further subdivided into Secondary Cases. A Secondary Case is recognizable by the fact that it has two digits to the right of its decimal point. Each Major Section can have as many as nine Primary Cases and each Primary Case can have as many as nine Secondary Cases. The numbering system is meant as an organizational aid. Using it, Players can always easily tell where a Case is located in the rules.

How to Learn to Play the Game

Familiarize yourself with all of the components. Read all of the General Rules and Procedures and read the titles of the Primary Cases. Set up the game for play (after reading the pertinent Section) and play a trial game against yourself referring to the rules only when you have a question. This procedure may take you a few hours, but it is the fastest and most entertaining way to learn the rules short of having a friend teach them to you. You should not attempt to learn the rules word-for-word. Memorizing all that detail is a task of which few of us are capable. SPI rules are written to be as complete as possible - they're not designed to be memorized. The Case numbering system makes it easy to look up rules when you are in doubt. Absorbing the rules in this manner (as you play) is a much better approach to game mastery than attempting to study them as if cramming for a test.

[1.0] Introduction

This set of Standard Rules includes rules common to SPI's series of grand tactical games simulating regimental level Civil War battles.

[2.0] Glossary of Terms

Column or In Column: One of two formations possible for infantry units to adopt. Enables units to move more rapidly along roads at some cost in combat ability. See also "Line."

Command Points Rating: Each division commander has a number of Command Points each Game-Turn. Command Points are expended to increase the Effectiveness Radius of brigade commanders subordinate to that division commander. One point is expended for each hex added to the Effectiveness Radius of a brigade commander. Thus, a commander with a total of two Command Points could increase the Effectiveness Radius of one brigade commander by two, or two brigade commanders by one.

Current Strength: A unit's Combat Strength (measured in points) may be reduced during play when the unit suffers losses. Such losses decrease the combat ability of the unit; each unit's "current strength" is therefore kept track of using a numbered chit. See also "Initial Strength."

Current Strength Multiplier: A number by which a unit's "current strength" (measured in points) is multiplied to reflect the effects of range (the distance between the firing unit and the target) on fire.

Divisional Integrity Radius: A numerical rating of each division commander which represents the range in hexes over which that division commander may command his subordinate brigade commanders. As long as a brigade commander is within his division commander's radius in the Initial Command Phase, he may move freely in the subsequent Movement Phase.

Effectiveness Radius: A number rating which measures the relative ability of each brigade commander to control his troops. The Effectiveness Radius is given in terms of hexes; the higher the number, the greater the distance over which that brigade commander can effectively control his troops. Note that division commanders have no Effectiveness Radius; see also "Divisional Integrity Radius" and "Command Points Rating."

In Command: A unit is considered to be "in command" relative to a particular leader when it is either within that leader's Effectiveness Radius or in the same hex with that leader. Note that a unit will generally be "in command" of the leader to which that unit is subordinate, but that this is not necessarily true; see also "Subordinate Unit" and "Effectiveness Radius."

Initial Strength: A unit's Combat Strength (measured in points) at the start of the game; this value is printed on the counter representing the unit (see 3.31, Sample Units). See also "Current Strength."

Line: One of two formations possible for infantry units to adopt. Enables units to fight most effectively at some cost in mobility. See also "Column."

Morale Check: A game function performed by a Player whenever something happens which brings into question the relative value of discretion and valor. As a result of a morale check, a unit may rout.

Morale Rating: The numerical rating of each combat unit's ability to sustain the psychological effects of battle. The numbers range from "5" (best) to "1" (worst). This rating is referred to whenever a player is required to check a unit's morale.

Rally Rating: This is the number of units in a brigade commander's Effectiveness Radius which he can rally in a given Final Command Phase, in addition to any that are in the same hex with him. Thus, if a brigade commander had a Rally Rating of two, he could rally two units of his command which are within his Effectiveness Radius in addition to any stacked with that brigade commander. Note: Division commanders have no Rally Rating and may only rally units with which they are stacked.

Subordinate Unit: A subordinate unit is one which has the name of a leader abbreviated on it. That unit is considered to be subordinate to the specified leader (or successor). Also see "In Command."

[3.0] Game Equipment

[3.1] The Game Map

The mapsheet portrays the area in which the battle was fought. A hexagonal grid pattern is printed on the game map to regulate the movement and location of the playing pieces and to calculate distances when units are in combat. To make the map lie flat, back-fold it against the creases.

[3.2] Game Charts and Tables

Various visual aids are provided with the game in order to simplify and illustrate certain game functions. Some of these charts and tables are printed directly on the same map. There may be other charts and tables included in the rules booklets.

[3.3] The Playing Pieces

There are three types of counters in the game, combat counters (called "units"), leaders and markers. Combat units include infantry regiments, cavalry regiments, supply wagons, and artillery batteries. There are at least two types of leader counters: brigade commanders and division commanders. There are several types of markers including Ammunition Depletion, Column, Combat Strength, Engaged, Game-Turn, and Casualty Track Markers. There may be other types of counters in a game as detailed in the Exclusive Rules for that game.

[3.31] Sample Units

Combat unit (front): shows the unit's Designation (e.g., "6 NC"), its Brigade Leader (subordination, e.g., "Lewis"), Formation, Weapon Type (e.g., "R1"), Morale (e.g., 3) and Initial Strength (e.g., 1). Combat unit (back): shows the designation and "RTD" (Routed).

Leader unit (front): shows the Name, Rank, Division Subordination, Effectiveness Rating, Rally Rating and Divisional Integrity Radius (in parentheses). Leader unit (back): the Replacement ("REPL") leader.

Summary of combat unit types (front / back): Infantry (line / routed); Cavalry (unmounted / mounted); Artillery (unlimbered / limbered); Supply Wagon (crewed / uncrewed); Artillery Crew (full crew / half crew); Supply Wagon Crew; Division Leader; Brigade Leader; Replacement Leader.

Summary of marker types: Pin / Rout (Routed); In Column (Column Formation) / Eng (Engaged).

Additional marker types: Ammunition Depleted ("Ammo"); Current Strength markers (numbered).

[3.32] Combat Strength Markers

When a unit's Combat Strength is reduced by casualties, a Combat Strength Marker is placed under the unit to represent that unit's new Combat Strength. Thus, if a "4" Strength Point cavalry unit takes a one point loss, a "3" Strength Point Marker would be placed under the unit. When a battery takes a loss caused by enemy artillery fire, the number of guns is reduced by placing a Strength Marker under the battery in the same manner as an infantry or cavalry unit.

[3.33] Unit Designations

The designation of a unit is the historical name or military designation of that unit or leader. Designations have direct effect on play and also included for historical interest and as an aid to setting up and organizing the game.

[3.34] Weapon Type

A unit's weapon type refers to the type of armament that unit had in the battle. Weapon type effects the Fire Combat Strength of the unit when it engages in Fire Combat. The letter on the counter is an abbreviation for the weapon type with which that unit is armed. The abbreviations are summarized and the effects of range on that weapon are displayed on the Range Effects Chart (9.25).

[4.0] Sequence of Play

GENERAL RULE

The play of the game is organized into "Game-Turns." Each Game-Turn is divided into two Player-Turns. During his Player-Turn, each Player moves his units and then resolves combat in sequence. At the conclusion of the final Game-Turn, the Victory Conditions are consulted and a winner is declared.

GAME-TURN SEQUENCE OUTLINE

Each Game-Turn is divided into a First Player-Turn and a Second Player-Turn. The Player whose Player-Turn is currently in progress is termed the Phasing Player. The Sequence of Play must be executed in the order presented.

1. First Player-Turn

A. Initial Command Phase: The Phasing Player may attach and detach brigades which are in the Divisional Integrity Radius of a division commander. In addition, the Player checks the Divisional Integrity Radius to determine which brigade commanders are in command. Division commanders may expend Command Points to increase the Effectiveness Radius of subordinate brigade commanders. The Phasing Player then checks the Effectiveness Radii of all his brigade commanders to see whether the units within each brigade commander's command may move and fire.

B. Movement Phase: The Phasing Player moves all, some, or none of his units as he desires and may bring reinforcements onto the map, as determined by the Reinforcement Schedule. The non-Phasing Player's units may not move during this Phase, but they may, however, conduct withdrawal fire as appropriate.

C. Defensive Fire Phase: The non-Phasing Player may conduct Fire Combat with any of his units that are capable of firing at any of the Phasing Player's units, within the provisions and restrictions of the Fire Combat and the Line of Sight rules. Neither Player may move his units during this Phase, except as a result of combat.

D. Offensive Fire Phase: The Phasing Player may conduct Fire Combat (see Phase C).

E. Retreat Before Melee Phase: The Phasing Player announces his melee attacks for the Melee Phase. The non-Phasing Player then has the option to retreat units that are in the Zone of Control of Enemy units one or two hexes, thus avoiding melee. The retreating units undergo withdrawal fire and the owning Player must roll for possible rout at the end of the retreat, whether a casualty has been suffered as a result of withdrawal fire or not. The Phasing Player may advance a unit into the vacated hex.

F. Melee Phase: Phasing infantry and cavalry units which begin this Phase adjacent to Enemy units may now enter the hex occupied by that Enemy unit(s) and engage in melee combat. The melee combat is resolved and retreat and casualty results are applied as a result of the melee combat.

G. Ammunition Resupply Phase: The Phasing Player may resupply eligible units which are out of ammunition.

H. Rally Phase: Pin Markers are removed from the Phasing Player's units. The Phasing Player may rally his routed units which are stacked with leaders or in the Effectiveness Radius of their brigade commander. A die is rolled to determine whether or not independent units rally.

I. Final Command Phase: Friendly leaders that have been killed are replaced and leader promotion is performed if necessary. Uncrewed supply wagons may be recrewed. During the Final Command Phase, game functions that occur only in a given game, as described in the exclusive rules, are performed.

2. Second Player Turn

The second Player becomes the Phasing Player and proceeds to follow the Player Sequence, Steps A through J, as described above.

3. Game-Turn Record Interphase

The Game-Turn Marker should be advanced one space on the Game-Turn Record Track to mark the passage of one Game-Turn. Note: Some game functions as described in the Exclusive Rules, are performed.

[5.0] Movement

GENERAL RULE

Each type of unit and leader in the game has a Movement Allowance which is listed on the Terrain Effects on Movement Chart (5.19). The number listed for each unit type is the basic number of hexes a unit could move into in a single Movement Phase. Each Player moves his units during the Movement Phase of his Player-Turn.

PROCEDURE

Units may be moved one at a time, or in stacks, hex-by-hex, in any direction or combination of directions the moving Player chooses. The Movement Phase ends when the Player announces he has finished moving his units.

CASES

[5.1] Movement Conditions and Prohibitions

[5.11] During its Movement Phase each unit may move as far as its Movement Allowance permits. A unit may never exceed its Movement Allowance although it may move less than its Movement Allowance. A unit is never forced to move during its Movement Phase. Unused Movement Points may never be saved for subsequent Game-Turns or transferred from unit to unit.

[5.12] A unit may not enter a hex containing an Enemy unit during the Movement Phase. An Enemy occupied hex may be entered only during the Melee Phase (see 12.0).

[5.13] Fire Combat does not take place during the Movement Phase unless the moving Player's units trigger withdrawal or retreat fire (see 10.1 and 10.2).

[5.14] Units may move into and out of Enemy Zones of Control (10.0), although they may be subject to withdrawal fire (10.1) when they do so.

[5.15] The number of Movement Points a unit must spend to enter a hex depends on the type of terrain in the hex and the formation the unit is in. The Movement Point Cost to enter each terrain type is listed on the Terrain Effects on Movement Chart (5.19). Note: A unit expends Movement Points for the most expensive terrain type when entering a hex with two or more types of terrain (e.g., woods and clear). The type of terrain most beneficial to the defender is used to determine any column shifts in fire combat.

[5.16] Movement from hex to hex must be consecutive; units may not skip hexes.

[5.17] A unit may not be moved or retreat off the map. A unit which would be forced to retreat off the map is captured by the Enemy Player.

[5.18] Retreats conducted during any Phase do not require the expenditure of Movement Points and are not considered movement.

[5.19] Terrain Effects on Movement Chart (see mapsheet)

[5.2] Movement of Routed and Out of Command Units

Routed and out of command regiments may only move one hex (regardless of terrain costs). These units may not change formation and may not enter an Enemy Zone of Control (hereafter ZOC, see 10.0); if already in an Enemy ZOC, they may only move out of the ZOC and into a hex not adjacent to any Enemy units. An out of command brigade commander may only move one hex (see 17.21) but his subordinate units may move normally within his Effectiveness Radius (i.e., they are still in command).

[5.3] Independent Regiments and Batteries

Independent regiments and batteries (marked "indpnt" on their counters) may move, change formation, fire, rally (see 13.54), initiate melee, and so forth, without needing Friendly leaders. They are, in effect, always in command.

[6.0] Formations

GENERAL RULE

All combat units may be in one or two different formations. Infantry units may be in either Line or Column; artillery units are either limbered or unlimbered; cavalry units are either mounted or dismounted (the equivalent of infantry in Line formation). Supply wagons, trains and leaders have no formation. Supply wagons engage in combat as Line infantry. A unit's formation affects the unit's ability to move and engage in combat.

PROCEDURE

To change formation a unit must expend Movement Points. The Movement Point Cost to change formation is listed under the Formation Change Column of the Terrain Effects on Movement Chart (5.19). Infantry and artillery may change formation at any time during a Friendly Movement Phase while cavalry may only mount or dismount at the end of a Friendly Movement Phase.

CASES

[6.1] Unit Formations

[6.11] Infantry units in Column gain increased mobility while sacrificing combat capability. An infantry unit (as well as a limbered artillery unit or a mounted cavalry unit) may move through a road or pike hex occupied by a Friendly unit if and only if the moving unit expends Movement Points to pay for the cost of the other terrain in that hex (i.e., it cannot use the road). Infantry units may use roads, pikes and bridges only when in Column. Infantry in Column may never initiate melee, though they defend normally in melee. Infantry in Column may not engage in fire combat. To designate a unit as being in Column, place a Column Marker on top of it. In instances where there are long lines of infantry in Column, it is necessary to so designate only the lead unit. A unit in Column formation that is fired upon automatically goes into Line formation (this occurs after the combat has been resolved).

[6.12] Infantry units in Line formation may move and engage in combat normally. Infantry units are considered in Line at all times, unless otherwise designated (see 6.11). Infantry in Line may not benefit from pikes or roads, nor may they use bridges to cross streams (i.e., the presence of a road, pike, or bridge in a hex is disregarded for the purposes of moving a unit in Line formation).

[6.13] Artillery is either limbered or unlimbered. When an artillery battery is limbered, it is prepared to move; when it is unlimbered, it is prepared to fire. Unlimbered artillery may only fire; it may not move. When artillery is attacked by melee only the status of the gun crew is considered (see 12.12). (The same applies to small-arms fire, which affects only the gun crew.) Gun crews are considered to be in Line, for purposes of melee, fire combat, and when routed and moved without guns (see 6.11 and 15.1).

[6.14] Cavalry units may operate either mounted or dismounted. When mounted, they may engage in melee combat (or may charge), but they may only fire if armed with pistols, Colt repeaters, or carbines. Dismounted cavalry units are considered Line infantry for all purposes (except, of course, they cannot go "into column"), and they fire, engage in melee combat, and move as such. Mounted cavalry suffer a one Column adjustment to the right on the Fire CRT when fired upon (see 7.0). Cavalry units are printed on both sides, each side representing either mounted or dismounted status. To change from one to the other, simply pay the cost in Movement Points (see 6.22) and turn the unit over. For special rules pertaining to the ability of mounted cavalry to charge or retreat before combat, see 16.0.

[6.2] Changing Formation

[6.21] A unit that is outside the Effectiveness Radius of its brigade commander and not stacked with a division commander in the Initial Command Phase may not change its formation during the ensuing Friendly Movement Phase although it could move one hex in some cases (see 17.11 and 5.2).

[6.22] Units pay costs in Movement Points to change formation. Infantry and artillery units may change formation at any time during a Friendly Movement Phase (Exception: 6.21), as long as they have the requisite number of Movement Points available. Cavalry units may dismount or mount only at the end of a Friendly Movement Phase provided that they have sufficient Movement Points remaining to perform the operation. Thus, a dismounted cavalry unit that does not have enough Movement Points at the end of the Movement Phase may not mount.

[6.23] If artillery either limbers or unlimbers (changes formation) within range and Line of Sight of any Enemy small-arms unit (excluding supply wagon crew; see 11.1) those Enemy small-arms units may fire at the battery before it changes formation. This fire is a form of withdrawal fire. If, as a result of such fire, the gun crew of the battery is pinned or takes a casualty, the battery may not complete its change of formation. This rule may be used regardless of the stacking order (see 8.4) of the artillery unit in its hex, and only the artillery battery is affected (except pinned results).

[6.24] A unit which changes formation in the ZOC of an Enemy unit triggers withdrawal fire from the Enemy unit (see 10.0).

[6.3] Unit Formation Effects on Fire Combat

[6.31] A unit's formation itself has no effect on defense against fire. Whether a unit is in Line or Column will affect fire only in that a unit in Line will present a different (less vulnerable) facing than a unit in Column (see 7.2).

[6.32] Limbered artillery units may not fire.

[6.33] Infantry in Column may never fire nor initiate melee. Mounted cavalry may have its strength doubled when in melee with infantry (see 16.2).

[6.34] Mounted cavalry units may fire through their one frontal hexside if they are armed with pistols, carbines, or Colt repeaters.

[6.35] Routed units are always considered effiladed when fired upon.

[7.0] Facing

GENERAL RULE

All infantry, artillery and cavalry units have a specific facing dependent on their formation. Line infantry, dismounted cavalry and unlimbered artillery have three hexsides which are considered to be "Frontal" hexsides, and three which are "Enfilade" hexsides (see following illustration). The "front" of each unit is the top of each unit counter, the top hexside and the hexsides to either side of that top hexside. The three rear hexsides are the "enfilade" hexsides. Infantry in Column, supply wagons, mounted cavalry, and limbered artillery are always considered enfiladed whenever fired upon regardless of the direction of the fire. Mounted cavalry have one frontal hexside, the hex directly at the top of the unit, which they may fire through if armed with pistols, carbines, or Colt repeaters. All other types of units have no facing and thus are considered to present frontal hexsides at all times.

(Illustrations: Example of Line Facing, showing a Line unit with its top three hexsides marked "Front" and its bottom three hexsides marked "Enfilade"; Example of Mounted Cavalry Facing, showing the single frontal hex marked "May Fire" and all other hexsides "Enfilade".)

PROCEDURE

Each unit is so oriented that the top of the unit counter is facing toward a specific hexside and is not situated between two adjacent hexsides. All units stacked in the same hex at the end of a Movement Phase maintain the same facing. A unit moving into a hex assumes the facing of the unit(s) already in that hex.

CASES

[7.1] Effects of Facing on Movement

[7.11] A unit may move into any adjacent hex regardless of which hex it was facing before it moved. However, a unit must be faced toward the hex (i.e., the top of the counter pointed toward the hex) that unit is to enter (before it is moved into a hex). Thus, a unit may never "back" into a hex. This is important when resolving withdrawal fire (see 10.1).

[7.12] There is no cost in Movement Points to change facing. All units may change facing freely throughout the Friendly Movement Phase. Changing facing is not movement; therefore, units normally restricted in movement (out of Command Radius, for example) may still change facing during their Movement Phases. There is no restriction as to the number of hexsides which may be turned.

[7.13] A unit may change facing only during a Friendly Movement Phase, or after melee.

[7.2] Effects of Facing on Fire Combat

[7.21] The Stacking Restrictions Chart (8.18) delineates the maximum number of Strength Points and/or batteries which are stacked in the same hex that may fire out of that hex through a given hexside at the same target or at different targets. The key word in this rule is "hexside": all limits apply to fire through a hexside. Example: Three infantry regiments worth "3" points each are in a clear hex. Only four of these nine points may fire through any one hexside. Four more points (out of the remaining five) may fire through a different hexside, while the last remaining point may fire through the remaining frontal hexside. If one of those units was artillery, four of the infantry points plus all of the guns could fire through the same hexside (see 9.3).

[7.22] Units may fire through only their frontal hexsides.

[7.23] Units may be fired upon through any hexside. A unit which is fired upon through one (or more) of its rear hexsides is enfiladed (see 7.0, General Rule). A unit which is enfiladed by at least one firing Enemy unit has the total Fire Strength being directed against it adjusted one column to the right (in favor of the firing Player). If a Line of Fire bisects a frontal hexside and an enfilade hexside, the unit is considered to be fired on through its frontal hexside.

(Illustration: Enfilade Diagram, showing a unit with fire coming from its front, from the side marked "Not Enfiladed", and from rear hexsides marked "Enfiladed".)

[7.3] Effects of Facing on Melee

[7.31] A unit may advance only through one of its frontal hexsides into a hex to melee one or more Enemy units.

[7.32] Other than the provisions of Case 7.31, facing has no effect on melee combat. The facing of any units in melee combat may be rearranged by the owning Player(s) when melee is concluded.

[8.0] Stacking

GENERAL RULE

Generally, units may move through other, Friendly units freely (with the exception of units in Column, mounted cavalry, and limbered artillery; see 6.11). There is no cost in Movement Points to stack or unstack, and stacking restrictions apply only at the end of a Movement or Combat Phase.

CASES

[8.1] Unit Stacking Restrictions

[8.11] The number of units and Combat Strength Points that may occupy any single hex at the same time is dependent on the type of terrain and, for infantry, whether or not the unit is in Column. The Stacking Restrictions Chart (8.18) lists all the limits.

[8.12] For purposes of stacking, the Combat Strength Points of a unit (unadjusted by terrain, etc.) is its number of Stacking Points, with the exception of supply wagons, which are worth four Stacking Points and batteries which are worth one (see 8.13).

[8.13] The number of artillery batteries that may be stacked in a given hex is listed on the Stacking Restrictions chart (8.18). Batteries may be stacked with infantry and other unit types in the same hex; each battery counts for one Stacking Point.

[8.14] Leaders and markers never count against stacking restrictions. Any number of these counters may be in any one hex.

[8.15] A unit may not retreat into or through a Friendly occupied hex. If a retreating unit is forced to enter a Friendly-occupied hex, the other units in that hex are displaced and must then undergo a morale check (see 14.3).

[8.16] An infantry unit in Column formation may never move into a hex containing any other combat unit.

[8.17] Mounted cavalry units may never move into a hex containing any other Friendly unit except other mounted cavalry units and leaders.

[8.18] Stacking Restrictions Chart (see mapsheet)

[8.2] Effects of Stacking on Combat

[8.21] Only the top-most infantry or cavalry unit in a stack takes losses when the hex is fired on. However, if a combat result calls for losses greater than the number of Strength Points possessed by the top unit, the remainder of losses must be taken from the next infantry or cavalry unit in the stack. Thus, if a "1" Strength Point (SP) infantry unit is stacked on top of a "3" SP unit and the units undergo fire with a casualty result of "2," the top unit is eliminated and the bottom unit loses one Strength Point. Artillery only incur losses if no infantry or cavalry units are present in the hex. Exceptions: See 6.23 and 8.22.

[8.22] If a stack of units is fired upon by artillery at a range of three hexes or greater, the artillery fires separately at (and the die is rolled once for) each unit in the hex, top unit first. Any result to one unit affects only that unit. If a unit is routed as a result of combat, all units in the hex must undergo morale checks, even if they do not suffer any losses. All units in the hex take fire before checking for rout.

[8.23] For purposes of Case 8.22, the density rules in 8.3 apply to each individual unit even though they are being affected individually. Thus, if three units, each with 4 Points, were fired on (as in the above Case), when checking for results the Player would adjust two columns to the right for density, even though the individual units are only worth 4 Points. (The stack consists of 12 Points). See also 9.42.

[8.3] Density and Fire Combat

[8.31] The number of Strength Points in a hex may affect the efficiency of Enemy fire. The more "crowded" the hex, the more effective the Enemy fire will be.

[8.32] In determining the column for Fire Strength on the Fire Combat Results Table, the Player must consult the Density Adjustment Chart (8.35). He looks under the column with the correct number of Strength Points in the hex, and makes any Column adjustment as given.

[8.33] For the purposes of density each artillery battery is worth only one Strength Point. Thus, an infantry regiment of "4" plus a battery with six guns would still be worth only 5 Points for purposes of density.

[8.34] For density purposes a supply wagon is worth four Stacking Points. Leaders and markers have no effect on density.

[8.35] Density Adjustment Chart (see charts and tables)

[8.4] Stacking Order

[8.41] Units may stack, or change their stacking order, only during a Friendly Movement Phase, with one exception: If the top unit runs out of ammunition (see 11.0), the Player may change the stacking order at the end of the Fire Phase in which depletion occured. Otherwise, it remains the same.

[8.42] All units stacked in the same hex must maintain the same facing. Units moving into a hex assume the facing of the unit in the hex.

[9.0] Fire Combat

GENERAL RULE

Combat units may fire their weapons at Enemy units in accordance with the rules on Range of Weapons, Fire Combat and Line of Sight. Fire occurs during the Offensive and Defensive Fire Phases within each Player-Turn. Fire may also be triggered during the Movement Phase (if a unit withdraws or changes formation) and during the Retreat Before Melee Phase (if a unit retreats). The Fire Combat Results Table has two rows on it, one used for small-arms fire and artillery fire against artillery or supply wagons and the other used when artillery fires on infantry or cavalry. Units are never required to fire.

PROCEDURE

The firing Player announces which of his units are firing on a given Enemy unit. The Combat Strength of each separate firing unit is modified by the range of that unit from the target unit. The Range Effects Chart details the effect of range on each weapon type. The Combat Strengths of all firing units are totaled together, after the effects of range have been applied. The Total Fire Combat Strength is then located on the Fire Combat Results Table. The CRT column may be modified to the left or right as a result of the defending unit's facing, formation, and the terrain it occupies. A die is rolled and the result of that combat is indicated at the intersection of the CRT column and the row corresponding to the die roll result. After results are applied, a morale check (see 9.8) may be required.

CASES

[9.1] Combat Strength

Each combat unit has its initial Combat Strength and weapon type printed on the counter. As a unit suffers losses, Combat Strength Markers are placed under the unit to indicate its Current Strength (see 3.32). The Combat Strength of a firing unit may be affected by the range of the unit from its target. The effects of range are summarized in the Range Effects Chart (9.25).

[9.11] Combat Strength Markers are neutral and may be used by both sides. The Combat Strength represents the unit's current manpower, fire strength, melee capabilities, and stacking points.

[9.12] All infantry units and dismounted cavalry have a Fire Strength and Melee Capability equal to their Combat Strength. This is the Current Strength, not the Initial Strength given on the counter, although the two can be the same. (See 6.14 and 16.2 for mounted cavalry.)

[9.13] All artillery units have a Fire Strength equal to their Combat Strength value (as modified by their gun crew status); however, melee involving an artillery unit is resolved against its crew. A crew has a Melee Strength of "1" when at full strength and "0" when at reduced strength. (Since melee combat is differential, the "0" can be used mathematically). Artillery crews may never initiate melee; they use their Melee Capability only to defend against melee (see Case 12.25).

[9.14] Artillery fire against infantry or cavalry units is resolved using the Grapeshot row of the CRT. Artillery fire against artillery and supply wagons is resolved using the Small Arms and Counter-Battery row of the CRT (see charts and tables).

[9.15] Units armed with small-arms weapon types always resolve fire combat on the Small-Arms and Counter-Battery Fire row of the CRT.

[9.16] Fire Combat Results Table (see charts and tables)

[9.2] Weapon Type and Range

[9.21] The type of weapon fired by each individual unit is noted on the counter for that unit. Units that have no weapon type may not engage in fire combat. The different weapon types are listed on the Range Effects Chart (9.25).

[9.22] A unit's weapon type delineates how far and how effectively it may fire.

[9.23] Each weapon has a maximum range (in terms of hexes) at which it may fire at an Enemy unit. This range is found on the Range Effects Chart (9.25). No unit may fire at an Enemy unit that is outside the maximum range for that weapon. Calculate by counting the distance, in hexes, from the firing hex to the target hex. The firing unit's hex is not counted as part of the range figure; the target hex is counted. A unit's Fire Strength can be greatly affected by range.

[9.24] Adjacent opposing units may always engage in fire combat against each other, or they may fire at other, more distant units.

[9.25] Range Effects Chart (see mapsheet)

[9.3] Fire Strength Per Hexside

The number of Combat Strength Points that may fire out of (not into) a given hex is limited to the number of frontal hexsides available to fire through. Four Strength Points may fire out of a given hex through any one of its frontal hexsides.

[9.31] The four Strength Points that fire through a hexside are "Pre-Range Effects Modification Strength Points." Thus, the 4 Points may be doubled, halved, etc. as an effect of range.

[9.32] Artillery is not limited to the number of Strength Points of fire per hexside. Thus, all batteries in a hex may fire out of one hexside (see 7.21).

[9.33] Hexside Fire Zone Diagram

(Illustration: a unit with its frontal hexsides labeled a, b and c, with the fire zones beyond them labeled A, B and C.)

[9.4] Multiple Unit Fire

[9.41] In fire combat, units firing from different hexes at the same Enemy hex must combine their Fire Strength into one total. Each unit's Fire Strength is computed separately for range, and then all are added together. Infantry Fire Strength and Artillery Fire Strength are never added together; these units always fire separately.

[9.42] When a unit is fired on by both artillery and small-arms, both attacks are resolved before any resulting casualties are applied. (This can be important because the chance of causing a casualty is affected by the density of Combat Strength Points in the hex.) All casualties (if any) from both fires are then applied before resolving a morale check, if necessary (see 13.2). (Thus, a unit does not "escape," for example, artillery fire because small-arms fire causes it to rout and run away.)

[9.43] During a Fire Phase, small-arms fire (infantry, etc.) generally affects only the top infantry or cavalry unit in a stack (see 8.21).

[9.44] No unit may be fired upon more than once in any given Fire Phase by small-arms, and no unit may be fired upon more than once in a Combat Phase by artillery. A unit may be fired upon by small-arms fire and artillery in any one Fire Phase, but only once by each (exception: 10.2).

[9.45] No unit may fire its entire Fire Strength more than once in any given Fire Phase (Exception: See 10.2). However, within any given Fire Phase a unit may choose to split its Fire Strength, directing it at any number of target hexes, as long as the total Combat Strength is not exceeded and the rules of facing are observed. Example: An infantry regiment with a strength of 3 may fire with a strength of 1 at three different Enemy hexes or it may fire with a strength of 2 at one hex and 1 at another. Note that the Current Strength is divided, not the Final Fire Strength (which may be the Current Strength augmented by terrain, range, etc.). Example: A battery composed of 6 guns can fire at an Enemy unit that is adjacent and one that is ten hexes distant. Four guns (HB) fire at the nearer target (at an Effective Strength of 4 x 10 = 40) and two guns fire at the other target (at an Effective Strength of 2 x 1/2 = 1).

[9.46] In splitting units' Fire Strengths, the Combat Strength may not be so divided as to make the Final Fire Strength against any one hex less than 1. Example: A battery of six guns could not fire at six individual targets sixteen hexes distant, because the Final Fire Strength would (theoretically) be halved for each of those targets. The battery would have to split its fire among only three of the regiments to produce the necessary one-Point-minimum-per-target. This restriction applies only when splitting Fire Strength; a unit may always fire its whole Strength - no matter how much it is reduced - at a single target.

[9.5] Terrain Effects on Fire Combat

The various terrain features on the map have an effect on the ability of units to withstand fire. A defending unit may derive the benefit of terrain as long as at least one of the firing units is firing through or into that terrain.

[9.51] In fire combat, terrain benefits may adjust the total Fire Strength Column to the left. Effects of terrain are cumulative, but the final net adjustment on the CRT may never be more than two columns in any direction. Thus, you may adjust three to the left and one to the right for a cumulative change of two to the left; but you could not adjust three to the left as a final result. The CRT column is never adjusted to the left of the last column, and a unit(s) firing with more than 51 Strength Points fires in the "51+" column.

[9.52] A unit adjacent to a crest hexside which is fired on through that crest hexside, derives a defensive benefit from the crest if the firing unit occupies a lower elevation. The Total Fire Strength Column on the Fire CRT is adjusted one column to the left. This benefit is derived if any of the firing units fire through the crest hexside.

[9.53] Units in woods hexes that are fired upon derive a defensive benefit. The Total Fire Strength Column is adjusted one to the left.

[9.54] Roads and pikes have no effect on combat in any way. For any terrain effects, refer to the other terrain in the hex.

[9.55] Other terrain effects on fire (if any) are detailed in the Exclusive Rules.

[9.56] Terrain Effects on Combat Chart (see mapsheet)

[9.6] Effects of Facing and Formation

[9.61] Units may fire only through their frontal hexsides; however, they may be fired on through any hexsides. Units fired upon through their rear (enfilade) hexsides have the total Fire Strength Column adjusted one to the right (see 7.2).

[9.62] Infantry units in Column and limbered artillery may never fire in any Phase. Mounted cavalry may only fire if armed with pistols, carbines or Colt repeaters and then only through their one frontal hexside (see 7.0).

[9.7] Line of Sight (Line of Fire)

The ability of a unit to fire from the hex it is in to some other hex depends on the terrain between those hexes along the Line of Sight (LOS). An LOS can either be clear or blocked; "having a clear LOS" is defined as the ability to see the target. An LOS is represented by a straight line drawn from the center of the firing unit's hex to the center of the target hex. The LOS may only be blocked (depending on elevation) if it passes through a blocking hex or through a blocking hexside which is not common to or adjacent to either the firing unit's or the target's hex. Note: A clear LOS always exists out of a blocking hex containing a firing unit, and into a blocking hex containing a target unit, but generally not (depending on elevation) through a blocking hex. Thus, units may always fire into an adjacent hex. If the LOS is blocked, fire is not possible.

[9.71] Types of blocking terrain are listed on the Terrain Effects on Combat Chart (9.56). In addition, units, Friendly or otherwise, are considered blocking terrain. Whether blocking terrain actually blocks LOS is dependent upon the elevation of both the firing and defending units.

[9.72] For purposes of determining LOS, Ground Level is considered to be zero feet high. Trees are considered to be 20 feet high, infantry, artillery and dismounted cavalry five feet high, and mounted cavalry and supply wagons ten feet high. Other heights (if any) are specifically indicated on the map.

[9.73] The Line of Sight Algorithm and the Line of Sight Gauge

Players may determine the Line of Sight in two ways: they may use the basic algorithm (mathematical expression of the Line of Sight) or they may use the Line of Sight Gauge, which is a graphic representation of the algorithm. Usually, Players will find themselves using the algorithm only to check the occasional "close call" on the gauge.

1. The Basic Algorithm Procedure

A clear Line of Sight exists only if:

H / D is equal to or greater than (hp - 5) / dp

H = Height (in feet) of higher position minus height of lower position.

D = Distance (in hexes) from higher position to lower position.

hp = Height (in feet) of potential obstacle minus height of lower position.

dp = Distance (in hexes) from potential obstacle to lower position.

2. Line of Sight Gauge Procedure

Note that heights are expressed in increments of five feet. Horizontally, distance is measured in undivided yard increments (corresponding to the hexes). On the zero distance line, locate the height of the higher position. Measuring from this point (horizontally, in hexes) locate the height of the lower position. Connect these two points with a straight edge (a transparent plastic ruler is ideal). Now locate the height and distance of any suspected obstacle. Remember that a man adds 5 feet to the height of any level and a woods hex adds 20 feet to the height of any obstacle. If the obstacle is higher than the Line of Sight at the point of intersection, then the Line of Sight is blocked. If the Line of Sight exactly intersects the obstacle, or passes over it, then the Line of Sight is not blocked. If there is any doubt, Players should resort to the algorithm. Note that, technically speaking, the Line of Sight could pass as much as five feet below the obstacle and still not be blocked (this accounts for the average height of a man's musket and the target above the terrain on which the soldiers stand).

[9.8] Results of Fire Combat Casualties

Each casualty number on the Fire CRT's represents a Strength Point of men killed or one gun destroyed, depending on which type of unit is defending. The other results are "P/R" (Pin/Rout), "P" and "R" which restrict an affected unit's actions.

[9.81] When the Fire CRT yields a numerical result and the target unit is infantry or cavalry, that unit has lost that number of Strength Points. The Player adjusts his Strength Counter and records the loss on his OB Roster. (However, see 9.42). Players should keep an accurate count of losses as they are important for determining who wins the game. A morale check for the affected unit must be made (see 13.0).

[9.82] If an artillery battery is hit by small-arms fire, only the crew is affected. If a battery suffers a result of "1," the gun crew counter is flipped over to its Reduced Strength side; another Point loss and the crew is eliminated. Guns themselves are affected only by artillery fire and each Point in a given result eliminates a gun.

[9.83] When a Pin/Rout (P/R) result is obtained, the Player owning the affected unit must determine which will apply. To do so he first notes the unit's morale (Case 13.1), rolls one die and compares the die roll to the Morale Rating. If it is higher than the Morale Rating, the unit is routed; if it is the same as or lower than the rating, the unit is pinned. When rolling for P/R results, if the unit has been enfiladed add one to the die-roll, and subtract one if the unit is stacked with a leader (regardless of the number of leaders); see 17.4.

[9.84] When a unit is pinned, place a PIN marker on top of all the units in the hex the pinned unit occupies. Units in a pinned hex may not move (except to retreat as a result of Melee; not before); nor may they fire in a Friendly Offensive or Defensive Fire Phase. Pinned units may use withdrawal fire (10.1) and retreat fire (10.2). They may not initiate melee, although they may engage in melee when so attacked. They may not retreat before melee. Pinned units have a Zone of Control. If any unit in a stack becomes pinned, all units in that hex are pinned. Routed units may become pinned (and remain routed). Pinned units may change facing but they may not change formation.

[9.85] PIN markers are removed in the Friendly Rally Phase before units are rallied. Once a pinned unit is meleed, it becomes unpinned. Remove the PIN marker from that unit.

[9.86] Leaders may be killed or wounded by Enemy fire (see 17.7). A leader may be pinned, but the leader does not lose his Effectiveness Rating as a result of such a pin. He simply cannot move (except to retreat as a result of melee).

[9.87] A combat result of "P" or "R" requires a morale check for the affected unit. A die is rolled; if the result is greater than the unit's morale, it is pinned or routed, respectively. If the result is the same or lower than the unit's morale, there is no effect.

[9.88] Some numerical results are followed by an asterisk (*), which indicates that the affected unit may also become pinned. After the casualty is recorded, a morale check is executed for that unit. If the unit routs, no further action is taken. If the unit does not rout, a second die is rolled; a result greater than the unit's morale level results in the unit being pinned. A result equal to or less than the unit's morale level has no effect.

[10.0] Zones of Control

GENERAL RULE

All infantry units in Line formation, dismounted cavalry, and unlimbered artillery units have a Zone of Control extending into three hexes adjacent to their frontal hexsides. Supply wagons and leaders have no ZOC's. Mounted cavalry exerts a ZOC into all six adjacent hexes. The ZOC's of these units affect withdrawal, retreat, supply, and command. Exception: Mounted cavalry ZOC's affect the withdrawal and retreat only of mounted cavalry units (also, see 9.62 and 16.31).

CASES

[10.1] Withdrawal Fire

If a Friendly unit leaves an Enemy-controlled hex during the Friendly Movement Phase or the Friendly Retreat Before Melee Phase, the Enemy unit exerting that ZOC may fire at the moving unit before it leaves the hex.

[10.11] Withdrawal fire takes place before the withdrawing unit leaves the hex; i.e., the range is one hex.

[10.12] Withdrawal fire is in addition to any normal offensive or defensive fire. Units may fire withdrawal fire any number of times, subject only to possible ammunition depletion.

[10.13] If there are two (or more) units in the same hex in the ZOC of an Enemy unit and they both wish to withdraw, the Enemy unit may fire once at the stack.

[10.14] If there are two (or more) units in a stack and some (but not all) of the units wish to withdraw, they may do so without being fired upon; however, in such a case, the unit(s) remaining in the hex suffers withdrawal fire. In effect, they are covering for the withdrawing unit(s).

[10.15] A unit suffering casualties during withdrawal fire is treated as if it had suffered casualties during any regular Fire Phase; the owning Player must roll for possible rout or leader loss, etc. If a unit suffers a pinned result in withdrawal, it may move one hex and then it becomes pinned. Important Exception: See 12.88.

[10.16] A unit may withdraw from an Enemy ZOC through any hexside it wishes, as long as it does not enter an Enemy-occupied hex. However, if in withdrawing the unit presents its enfilade hexsides to the firing unit, the unit firing withdrawal fire then gets the benefit of enfilade fire (see 7.11). Note: A unit withdrawing will almost invariably present its enfilade to an enemy unit.

[10.17] Withdrawal fire takes place in the Movement Phase and the Retreat Before Melee Phase, not during any Fire Phase. (A unit that is in the ZOC of an Enemy unit during a Fire Phase and is forced to retreat out of the ZOC during that Fire Phase does not suffer withdrawal fire). Withdrawal fire is not considered part of any Fire Phase, and units that use withdrawal fire may fire regularly during any Fire Phase in that Player-Turn. Withdrawal fire is, in effect, a free shot. Note: Remember to check for ammunition depletion.

[10.18] Leaders that withdraw from an Enemy ZOC do not trigger withdrawal fire.

[10.19] When a unit triggers withdrawal fire, it may be fired on once by every eligible Enemy unit. There is no limit to the number of Enemy units which may fire at a withdrawing unit (provided each Enemy unit is eligible). A single Enemy unit may perform withdrawal fire as many times as there are Friendly units which trigger such fire.

[10.2] Retreat Fire

A unit that is forced to retreat into the ZOC of an Enemy unit, other than the unit which caused the retreat, may undergo retreat fire. The procedure for retreat fire is the same as for withdrawal fire (10.1) with two exceptions: units entering the ZOC trigger the fire, as opposed to units leaving the ZOC (as in withdrawal fire), and retreat fire may occur during the Combat Phase. Each time a unit retreats into the hex of a different Enemy unit, the possibility of retreat fire is triggered; therefore, a retreating unit may be fired on by several Enemy units as it retreats. Retreating routed units that suffer casualties from retreat fire do not roll for additional rout. Enemy units firing on retreating units may only fire once at a given unit during any retreat. Units firing retreat fire must check for ammunition depletion. Retreat fire, like withdrawal fire, is considered a free shot.

[10.3] Effect of ZOC on Ammunition Supply

Units attempting to trace a Line of Supply to their supply wagons (11.23) may not trace this line through an Enemy ZOC, unless the hex is occupied by a Friendly unit.

[10.4] Effect of ZOC on Leader Control

Units attempting to trace a leadership radius from a leader to a unit (or another leader) may not trace this line through a hex in an Enemy ZOC unless the hex is occupied by a Friendly unit.

[10.5] Extent of Zones of Control

ZOC's do not extend through impassable hexsides. The presence of a Friendly unit negates an Enemy ZOC for purposes of supply and leadership lines. However, the presence of a Friendly unit does not negate an Enemy ZOC for purposes of withdrawal or retreat fire.

[11.0] Ammunition Supply

GENERAL RULE

All units capable of fire combat are subject to ammunition depletion. Artillery ammunition depletion is represented by the number of rounds fired as compared to the total rounds available. When no more rounds are available, artillery may not fire. Small-arms units suffer ammunition depletion as a result on the Fire CRT. These units may be resupplied by being within supply range of a supply wagon. Units that are out of ammunition (ammo depleted) have no ZOC's except for purposes of negating supply and leader effectiveness lines.

CASES

[11.1] Supply Wagons

Supply wagons are considered combat units although they are restricted in their capabilities. A supply wagon has two possible statuses; crewed and uncrewed. The front of the counter shows the wagon and its crew. The crew has its weapon type, morale, and Combat Strength indicated in the same manner as an infantry unit. If the crew is killed or routs away from the wagon, the Wagon Counter is turned over to indicate its uncrewed status, and a Wagon Crew Counter is placed on the map if a rout is called for. An uncrewed supply wagon may not be used to resupply units, nor may it move (in any Phase).

[11.11] A supply wagon crew may never voluntarily abandon its wagon. A Crew Counter is only placed on the map if the crew routs.

[11.12] Supply wagon crews suffer casualties only from small-arms fire, though they may be pinned or routed due to artillery fire. Supply wagons are affected only by artillery fire.

Small-Arms Fire Results:

PIN: The wagon is pinned, and may not resupply units or move.

ROUT: The crew routs. A Wagon Crew Marker is used and the crew routs three hexes. The Wagon Counter is turned over to show that it is crewless.

"1," "2," etc.: The crew is eliminated and the wagon is turned over to show that it is crewless.

Artillery Fire Results:

Pin and Rout results affect the crew in the same manner as small arms.

"1," "2," etc.: This number is used to determine the column on the Ammunition Loss Table (11.34). A die is rolled and cross-indexed with the column to determine the number of Supply Points the wagon loses.

[11.13] Supply wagons are always independent units.

[11.14] Supply wagons have a stacking value of four points.

[11.15] Supply wagon crews may not initiate melee but may defend against melee. Supply crews may not engage in offensive fire (see 12.14).

[11.16] Supply crews do not have a ZOC and are incapable of retreat and withdrawal fire. They may only fire in the Friendly Defensive Fire Phase.

[11.17] Crewed supply wagons may retreat before melee. In other forms of retreat the crew retreats but the wagon doesn't.

[11.18] A wagon may be recrewed if its crew has been eliminated by moving an infantry unit or dismounted cavalry unit onto the wagon and removing one Strength Point from that unit during the Friendly Final Command Phase. The morale and weapon type of the new crew should be noted on the OB Roster. Only one Strength Point may ever be assigned to a wagon and, once assigned, it may not be withdrawn from that wagon and used to augment the strength of another unit.

[11.19] Supply wagons may be captured and recrewed by the Enemy Player. Captured wagons may be used to resupply Friendly units on the Game-Turn after they've been recrewed. Only a cavalry or an infantry unit may capture a supply wagon. Should a wagon be captured its former crew is also removed from play regardless of its location on the game map. The crew loss does not count for Victory Point purposes.

[11.2] Small-Arms Ammunition Supply

Infantry, dismounted cavalry, and all other non-artillery units (small-arms units) are subject to possible ammunition depletion each time they fire. Ammunition depletion never affects the ability of a unit to move.

[11.21] Each time a small-arms unit fires and a "1" is rolled on the Fire Combat Results Table, there is a possibility of the unit running out of ammunition. The Player rolls again for each unit that fired in that combat result: if the number rolled is "1" or "2," that unit is considered "ammo depleted." An Ammunition Depletion Marker is placed on top of the unit to indicate its status.

[11.22] A unit out of ammunition may move and engage in melee normally. It may not fire under any circumstances until it is resupplied, and has a ZOC for supply and leadership paths only.

[11.23] To be resupplied, a unit must be able to trace a supply path to a Friendly supply wagon in its Friendly Resupply Phase. This supply path is traced from the unit to the wagon and not vice-versa. A player traces the path which may only be the length of the terrain movement costs of an imaginary infantry unit in column formation for one Movement Phase. Note that the unit does not move; rather, this is simply the method of tracing the maximum length of the supply path. The supply path may not pass through a hex in an enemy ZOC (unless occupied by a Friendly unit) or through an Enemy occupied hex.

[11.24] Any number of units may be resupplied during a Friendly Resupply Phase, as long as the requirements of 11.23 are satisfied and the supply wagon has the necessary ammunition. The number of units a given supply wagon may resupply is the number of boxes for small-arms ammo on the OB Roster for that wagon (see 11.1).

[11.25] Neither the wagon nor the unit being resupplied may have moved in that Player-Turn.

[11.3] Artillery Ammunition

Each Player is limited in the total number of times he may fire each of his artillery batteries. Each time a battery fires, regardless of the number of guns it has, it uses one round of ammunition. The number of rounds available to each battery is the number of battery ammunition boxes on the Player's Order of Battle Roster for that battery. When the battery fires or otherwise loses a round of ammunition, one box is marked off on the battery's ammunition supply to indicate the battery's correct ammo supply.

[11.31] Each time an artillery battery fires, it expends one round of ammunition. When a battery splits its fire, it expends only one round of ammunition.

[11.32] When a battery runs out of ammunition (i.e., all its ammo boxes have been marked off) it may not fire. Such batteries may receive additional rounds of ammunition as per 11.23 if a friendly supply wagon is available to resupply the battery.

[11.33] Players may transfer rounds of ammunition between friendly artillery batteries of the same weapon type. Both batteries involved must spend one entire Game-Turn, without firing, in the same or adjacent hexes. In the Resupply Phase of that Game-Turn the owning Player may redistribute the rounds of ammunition between the two batteries. If an artillery battery is captured or eliminated in combat, its ammunition supply is likewise eliminated. No use may be made of captured Enemy guns or ammo. Exception: See 11.19.

[11.34] Ammunition Loss Table (see charts and tables)

[12.0] Melee Combat

GENERAL RULE

Melee combat represents hand-to-hand fighting that takes place when Friendly units attempt to dislodge Enemy units from a given position. Melee occurs in the Melee Phase when a Phasing Player moves a unit (or units) into an Enemy occupied hex. The ensuing combat is mandatory, and the result is obtained from the Melee Combat Results Table. As a result of melee, units may be captured, suffer casualties, be forced to retreat and possibly be routed, or remain engaged in the melee. Melee may occur only in the Melee Combat Phase; it may never occur during any other Phase.

PROCEDURE

In order for a unit to melee with an Enemy unit, it must begin the Friendly Melee Phase adjacent to that Enemy unit. Then, in the Melee Phase, it moves into the hex with the Enemy unit. The Melee Strengths of the units are compared, and the resulting combat differential is then used in reference to the Melee CRT. The Melee CRT is a "Differential" CRT. The combat ratio is expressed as a difference between the total Strength Points of the attacker (the Phasing Player) and the total Strength Points of the defender. The defender's points (adjusted for leaders and morale) are always subtracted from the attacker's regardless of who has more points. Thus, a defender with "8" Points attacked by a unit with a total strength of "5" would produce a differential of minus three (-3). Differentials lower than -4 or higher than +7 use the -4 or +7 columns, respectively. Note that a unit may adjust a total of 3 Points: one for terrain, one for a leader, and one for morale.

CASES

[12.1] Definition of Melee Strength

[12.11] Infantry and dismounted cavalry units always melee with their Current Combat Strength (which is the same as their Fire Strength).

[12.12] Artillery batteries melee with the strength of their crew. The Melee Strength of a full-strength gun crew is "1." The Melee Strength of a reduced-strength gun crew is "0." (Remember, melee combat uses a differential, so the "0" may be used as comparison figure.) Note that gun crews may never initiate melee (see 12.25).

[12.13] The Melee Strength of a mounted cavalry unit is its Combat Strength at the time of combat. However, if mounted cavalry is charging (see Case 16.2), their Melee Strength is double their Combat Strength.

[12.14] Supply wagon crews melee with a strength of one and may not initiate melee (12.96). There is no half-crew status for wagon crews.

[12.2] Restrictions on Ability to Engage in Melee

[12.21] To engage in melee, a unit must begin the Friendly Melee Phase adjacent to the Enemy unit that is the object of the melee. Furthermore, it must be able to move into the defending unit's hex through one of the attacking unit's frontal hexsides.

[12.22] Units may never fire at one unit in a Friendly Fire Phase and then melee in a different unit in the ensuing Melee Phase. A unit can only melee with a unit at which it fired. If it did not fire in the preceding Offensive Fire Phase, it may melee with any unit within the above restrictions.

[12.23] Melee is not mandatory; simply because a unit is adjacent to an Enemy unit does not require it to engage in melee.

[12.24] Infantry in Column may never initiate melee, although they may be meleed by Enemy units. If a unit in Column is meleed, such a unit goes into Line as soon as melee is resolved.

[12.25] Gun and wagon crews may not initiate melee. Exception: If a crew is meleed and an "engaged" result is obtained, the crew may melee in its ensuing Friendly Melee Phase.

[12.26] Units that split fire (see Case 9.4) between two or more hexes may melee units in only one of those hexes. Units may not split their Melee Strength between hexes.

[12.3] Effects of Terrain

[12.31] The "effective strength" of a unit may be reduced by crossing certain hexsides during the Melee Phase (see 9.56). The unit's Current Strength is only reduced temporarily and its strength marker is not changed.

[12.32] If units are engaged (i.e., "ENG;" see 12.94) in melee, the only terrain effects which may be applied to that melee would be against additional units joining it.

[12.33] A unit may melee into a hex only if it could move into that hex normally.

[12.4] Effect of Leaders on Melee

Leaders have an effect on melee. If a stack of units, attacking or defending, contains a leader or leaders, that stack may add one Point to its total strength. Example: An infantry regiment worth 5 is stacked with a leader and melees with an Enemy regiment worth 2, which is also stacked with a leader. The Final Combat Differentials is +3; the 5 unit add 1 for the leader, for a total of 6, but the defending unit also has a leader (2 + 1 = 3). Only one leader per side may be used in the melee regardless of the number of leaders in the hex.

[12.5] Effects of Morale and Rout on Melee

[12.51] If a routed unit defends against melee, that unit defends at one-half its Current Strength rounded down. Routed units may not initiate melee; if "engaged" in melee, a routed unit must retreat from melee, if possible. If the routed unit cannot retreat from the melee without entering an Enemy ZOC, it is captured.

[12.52] If, in a melee, the unit with the lowest morale in a stack of Friendly meleeing units has a morale rating that is at least two Points higher (better) than the highest morale rating of an Enemy unit that is in the same melee, the Friendly meleeing units add one to their strength. Example: Two Union units, both with a morale rating of "2," initiate melee against two Confederate units, with morale ratings of "4" and "5." Because the lowest-rated CSA unit (4) is two better than the highest-rated Union unit (2), the Confederate Player adds one to his Melee Strength for that melee.

[12.6] Melee and Fire Combat

Neither Player may have a unit fire into a hex in which units are engaged in melee.

[12.7] Stacking in Melee

[12.71] The maximum number of units and/or Strength Points that a Player may have conduct a melee in a single hex is listed in the Stacking Restrictions Chart (8.18).

[12.72] If the defending Player has more units (or Strength Points) than are allowed for melee, the Strength Points over the maximum do not participate in the melee; however, they are affected by such combat in all respects. The attacker may not enter a hex to melee with more Strength Points than are allowed by the Stacking Restriction Chart (8.18).

[12.73] Stacking limits in melee apply to each side separately. Thus, both Players may each have up to the maximum strength limit for that hex.

[12.74] If infantry or dismounted cavalry is stacked with a gun crew in melee, losses are taken from the infantry/cavalry before the gun crew, regardless of the stacking order of the units. Otherwise, losses are distributed at the option of the owning Player.

[12.75] Friendly units occupying different hexes may enter the same hex to melee Enemy units there.

[12.76] Units may not move through a hex where units are engaged in melee.

[12.8] Retreat Before Melee

During the Retreat Before Melee Phase, the attacking Player (i.e., the Player whose Melee Phase immediately follows the Current Retreat Before Melee Phase) must announce which defending units he intends to melee. The defending Player must either immediately exercise his option to retreat before melee (if it is available to him), or declare that he will accept the melee.

[12.81] The non-Phasing (retreating) Player may move any units subject to melee one or two hexes away from the hex they are in.

[12.82] Retreating units may not enter an Enemy ZOC.

[12.83] Units that retreat before melee are subject to withdrawal fire. The owning Player must conduct a morale check for retreating units (before melee), regardless of whether or not they are fired upon by withdrawal fire. Exception: see 12.84.

[12.84] Mounted cavalry units (see Case 16.1) may retreat before melee without drawing withdrawal fire. They are simply moved the one or two hexes. A morale check is not required.

[12.85] Phasing units may be advanced into a hex vacated by a unit retreating before melee by any units that were going to melee the retreating units. The advancing units are still bound by the Stacking Restrictions Table (8.18). A unit so advancing may not initiate melee in that Game-Turn.

[12.86] Unlimbered artillery may not retreat before melee.

[12.87] A pinned or routed unit may not be retreated before melee.

[12.88] A unit which a Player attempts to retreat before melee which is "pinned" by withdrawal fire may not be retreated. Thus, it is forced to stand and accept a melee attack.

[12.89] A unit may retreat before melee regardless of whether or not it is in command.

[12.9] Results of Melee Combat

As a result of melee, units/Strength Points of both sides may be captured, suffer casualties, be forced to retreat, or remain engaged.

[12.91] A "K" result on the melee CRT means that one Strength Point from the side affected has been eliminated. A "K" result on an artillery unit results in a loss to the battery's gun crew. If the crew has previously taken one loss, a "K" result eliminates the battery.

[12.92] A result of "R" plus a number (e.g., R2) means that the affected unit(s) must retreat the given number of hexes. At the end of the retreat, the owning Player conducts a morale check. The path of retreat is generally away from Enemy lines and toward one's own lines (see 14.0). Unlimbered artillery units may not retreat, and any such retreat result on the Melee CRT means that all guns, plus the gun crew in that hex have been captured. Units may not retreat into hexes containing impassable terrain, Enemy units or Enemy ZOC's. Units which cannot retreat legally are captured.

[12.93] A result of "C" plus a number indicates the number of Combat Strength Points that have been captured. The affected unit is reduced by that number of Strength Points as if it were a normal casualty, except the loss is recorded on the OB Roster as a capture, not a kill. Captured Strength Points are more costly, in Victory Points, to lose. Prisoners cannot escape nor guns be recaptured. Any "C" results against an unlimbered artillery unit results in all guns and men being captured.

[12.94] A result of "Eng" means that all units in that hex are engaged; i.e., the fighting is still raging. Engaged units may neither fire nor move, nor may that hex be fired upon by other unengaged units. Engaged units have no ZOC's. Leaders that are "engaged" may not rally other units; nor do they have Effectiveness Radii. Other units may not move through a hex containing engaged units, although units may be moved into the hex. A counter indicating that the meleeing units are engaged is placed on the units. In the ensuing Player-Turn, the former defending Player has the following options:

He may fight another melee in his Melee Phase with the same units, recomputing the differential, or,
He may, within stacking restrictions, bring in more units and fight another melee as in 1; or,
He may choose to retreat his engaged units two hexes, checking their morale at the end of the retreat. Units retreated from a melee do not suffer withdrawal fire from the enemy unit(s) with which they were engaged. Note that this is different from retreat before melee. There is no advance by the unit(s) left in the hex. A Player may choose to retreat one or more units. Unlimbered artillery may not be retreated. Option 3 may not be combined with options 1 or 2.

[12.95] A result of "Rpls" indicates that the Phasing Player must retreat 2 hexes, then roll for leader loss on the Leader Casualty Table (17.76), if a leader is present, and then perform a morale check for the affected unit(s). The non-Phasing Player does not retreat although he rolls for leader loss and performs a morale check for his affected unit(s).

[12.96] If a pinned unit, supply wagon, or any artillery unit is involved in melee and the result is engaged, that unit may then melee in its Friendly Melee Phase, as per 12.94. This is an exception to the rule that certain units may not initiate melee.

[12.97] If, in a melee combat, the result is such that both sides are totally eliminated (either through a "K" or "C," etc.), ignore that result and consider the units engaged.

[12.98] Melee Combat Results Table (see charts and tables)

[13.0] Morale and Rout

GENERAL RULE

Each combat unit possesses a morale rating. A unit's Morale Rating is used for two purposes: adjusting melee strengths and determining whether or not a unit will rout. A morale check must be made for a unit each time it suffers a casualty (e.g., "1"), "R," "P," "P/R," or "#*" result on the Fire Combat Results Table, and whenever it retreats before melee or receives an "R" result in melee. Routed units are forced to retreat and they remain routed until rallied. Routed units are restricted in what they can do.

CASES

[13.1] Morale Ratings

[13.11] Each combat unit has a Morale Rating, consisting of a number from "5" (best) to "1" (worst); see the sample units (3.31).

[13.12] Some units may have a printed Morale Rating of "?". These units are considered "green" (see 13.14).

[13.13] Numbered Morale Ratings are permanent; they never change.

[13.14] Green units (those units with a "?" Morale Rating) have an unknown Morale Rating. It remains unknown until such a unit has its first taste of combat (known as "Seeing the Elephant"). When a green unit "Sees the Elephant" for the first time (i.e., something happens that requires the owning Player to conduct a morale check or the unit is involved in melee combat), the Player immediately refers to the Seeing the Elephant Table (13.15). He then rolls two dice to determine the Morale Rating of the green unit. The Morale Rating is now the permanent rating for that unit; it should be recorded on the OB Roster.

[13.15] Seeing the Elephant Table (see charts and tables)

[13.2] When Units Are Routed

[13.21] When there is a possibility that a rout will occur, the Player with the affected unit checks the Morale Rating of the unit (remember 13.14) and rolls a die. If the number rolled is greater than the unit's Morale Rating, that unit has routed. A Rout Marker is placed on a unit that is routed and removed when it is rallied.

[13.22] All casualties are taken prior to determining rout.

[13.23] If a unit is stacked with a leader, subtract one from any morale check die-roll.

[13.24] If a unit has suffered greater than 50% losses (from its initial strength) add one to the die-roll.

[13.25] Unlimbered guns never rout. However, their crews may rout, thus abandoning the guns (see 15.16).

[13.26] Any time a unit's morale is checked as a result of Enemy fire, and that unit has been enfiladed by the Enemy fire, add one to that morale check die roll result.

[13.3] Effects of Rout

[13.31] Units that are routed must retreat three hexes (not an expenditure of Movement Points), in addition to any other retreats that may have been mandated in that Combat Phase. Units unable to retreat those three hexes for any reason (terrain or Enemy units) are captured.

[13.32] Routed units may not engage in any kind of Fire Combat. They may not initiate melee and if forced to melee they melee at half-strength (rounded down). Routed units have a Movement Allowance of one hex per turn, regardless of terrain cost. Routed units may not retreat before melee, and they have no Zone of Control.

[13.33] A unit that is routed and suffers additional casualties while in a state of rout will rout again. Routed units suffering a second rout result (e.g., from a P/R result on the Fire CRT) must retreat an additional three hexes, remaining routed. Routed units that become pinned are both pinned and routed; but a pinned unit that routs is no longer pinned - it is routed.

[13.34] Leaders are never routed. They are not affected in any way by a rout result. (However, see 13.43).

[13.4] Effects of Stacking on Rout

[13.41] If there is more than one unit in a hex for which a morale check is necessary, each unit is checked separately.

[13.42] If only the top unit is affected by the combat (as in fire), that unit's morale is checked first. If there is no rout, the morale of the units beneath it is not checked. If the top unit routs, the morale of all units under it must be checked. Furthermore, if the top unit is eliminated entirely, the morale of the unit beneath it must be checked as if it were the top unit.

[13.43] All units in a hex receive the benefit of any leader in a hex. Leaders in a stack may choose to retreat with a routed unit or remain with the unit beneath (and take their chances there).

[13.44] If a stack suffers casualties from artillery firing from a range of three hexes or greater, the morale of all units in the hex is checked.

[13.5] Rally

[13.51] Routed units remain routed until they are rallied in a Friendly Rally Phase.

[13.52] Non-independent units (except batteries) are rallied under the following circumstances:

They are stacked with any Friendly leader; or
They are within the Effectiveness Radius of the brigade commander for that unit and that brigade commander expends a Rally Point (see 17.13) to rally that unit.

[13.53] The Effectiveness Radius may not be traced through Enemy combat units, Enemy ZOC's (although the presence of a Friendly unit in that hex negates the effect of such a ZOC) or impassable terrain.

[13.54] Routed artillery gun crews, supply wagon crews, and independent units may rally without leaders. If such a unit has been routed, the Player rolls one die during the Rally Phase. If the die roll result is higher than the unit's Morale Rating, the unit remains routed. Otherwise, the unit rallies. Thus, an independent unit with a Morale Rating of "4" would be rallied on a roll of "4" or less. Leaders may rally these unit types only by being stacked with them in the Rally Phase.

[14.0] Retreats

GENERAL RULE

Units may be forced to retreat as a result of rout or as a direct result from the Melee CRT. The number of hexes retreated depends on the combat result that applies. Players must observe certain restrictions when retreating units.

CASES

[14.1] Restrictions on Retreats

A unit may not be retreated through an Enemy unit or an impassable hexside. If unable to retreat because it is completely surrounded by Enemy units, impassable terrain and/or the edge of the map, it is captured.

[14.2] Retreating Through Enemy ZOC's

Units may be retreated through or into hexes in Enemy ZOC's. However, they may thereby be subject to retreat fire (10.2). Exceptions: See 12.82 and 12.92.

[14.3] Presence of Friendly Units and Retreat

A unit may not be retreated through a hex containing a Friendly unit if there is another path open to it (unless that path includes a hex(es) in an Enemy ZOC). If the unit must be retreated onto or through a Friendly unit, that Friendly unit is retreated one hex and the owning Player must conduct a morale check. (If the unit retreated onto is already routed, it "routs" again and must be retreated an additional three hexes). The retreat must be onto a vacant hex if possible; if not, the third unit in turn is retreated one hex and the owning Player must conduct a morale check for that unit. In this manner, a "chain reaction" of retreats and routs is theoretically possible. Artillery crews retreat away from their unlimbered batteries when forced to retreat. The battery remains in the hex unless captured by the Enemy. If a stack is displaced, a morale check is performed on the top unit. If it does not rout, the other units need not make morale checks.

[14.4] The Path of Retreat

All retreats are conducted by the owning Player. In determining the path of retreat, Players should attempt to follow the terrain of least resistance, (i.e., the "cheapest" in terms of Movement Points), away from Enemy and toward their own lines. The retreating unit must always end its retreat the number of hexes it is mandated to retreat away from the hex in which it began the retreat. It may not enter the same hex twice during any one retreat. In anomalous situations use common sense; however, the retreating Player has the final say. Players should note here that there is usually no advance after retreat by a Friendly unit into an Enemy-vacated hex, unless such retreat is a retreat before melee (see 12.8). The specifics of retreat paths are described in the Exclusive Rules.

[15.0] Restrictions on Artillery Movement and Fire

GENERAL RULE

Artillery units may either move or fire in any one Player-Turn. They may not do both. Once an artillery unit has fired, it may not move, and once an artillery unit has moved, it may not fire. However, if an artillery unit does not move but changes formation (from limbered to unlimbered), it may fire.

CASES

[15.1] Artillery Gun Crews

Each artillery unit includes a battery crew. These are men who actually service and fire the cannon. Artillery crews do not count for stacking and are considered line infantry for all purposes (see 6.13).

[15.11] Gun crews suffer casualties only as a result of melee or small-arms fire, though they may be routed or pinned as a result of artillery fire. Combat results achieved by artillery fire affect the guns only, leaving the gun crew intact.

[15.12] Each gun crew can sustain a maximum of two step-losses. When a battery's gun crew takes a 1 Strength Point loss, that battery's crew counter is turned over to the 1/2-crew side. When the gun crew is eliminated (a second Strength Point), the crew is eliminated and the battery is removed from play and considered eliminated (not captured) for Victory Point purposes.

[15.13] When a gun crew is at one-half strength, the current fire strength of the battery is halved (round fractions up). A battery with a 1/2 crew may limber, move, and unlimber normally.

[15.14] The Melee Strength of a battery is "1" with a full crew and "0" with a 1/2 crew (see 12.12).

[15.15] Gun crews may not be transferred from unit to unit or replaced in any way.

[15.16] When an unlimbered artillery crew is routed, the crew routs but the guns remain in the original hex. When limbered, the entire battery is moved in rout movement.

[15.2] Exploding Caissons

Any time that an artillery battery is hit by artillery fire and suffers a loss of "1," "2," etc., there is a chance that some ammunition is lost, too. (The shells hit the caissons, blowing up the ammo.) In such a case, the Player suffering the loss rolls a second die; if he rolls a "1," then a caisson has been hit. The Player now rolls one die again; the resultant number is the number of Ammunition Points lost.

[16.0] Special Cavalry Rules

CASES

[16.1] Cavalry Retreat Before Melee

Unrouted mounted cavalry units in danger of being melee attacked solely by infantry or dismounted cavalry may refuse melee and retreat one or two hexes. Unlike normal Retreat Before Melee (see 12.8) a morale check is not necessary and there is no withdrawal fire. However, if the cavalry unit is retreated into a hex in an Enemy ZOC, it must undergo possible retreat fire. Dismounted cavalry units retreat before melee as if they were infantry.

[16.2] Cavalry Charge

Mounted cavalry units may engage Enemy units in type of melee called Cavalry Charge. A charge may be conducted only through the cavalry unit's one front hexside.

[16.21] Mounted cavalry may charge any unit, including other mounted cavalry.

[16.22] The unit(s) being charged may not be in a certain type of terrain hex or behind certain terrain hexsides. The terrain types which cavalry may not charge into, through or across are listed in the Terrain Effects on Combat Chart (9.57).

[16.23] To mount a charge, the cavalry units must begin the Friendly Movement Phase no more than four hexes from the target hex. A cavalry unit more than four hexes from a target hex may not charge that target hex during that Player-Turn, although it may melee normally.

[16.24] In order to conduct a charge, the owning Player moves a mounted cavalry unit that is situated in accord with Case 16.23 adjacent to the target hex. If it is still adjacent at the beginning of the Melee Phase, it may then charge, participating in the Melee Combat at twice its Combat Strength. Thus, a mounted cavalry unit that would normally melee at 2 - its given Combat Strength - would charge with a Melee Strength of 4.

[16.25] Cavalry units conducting a charge are automatically routed after the completion of the Melee Combat resulting from the charge. They may be rallied in the normal manner.

[16.26] Units being charged (except mounted cavalry) may not retreat before melee. Mounted cavalry units may retreat before melee in the face of an enemy charge, in which case the charging units are not routed.

[16.27] Charging cavalry that incur an "engaged" result are still automatically routed after completion of the melee.

[16.3] Special Mounted Cavalry Rules

[16.31] A mounted cavalry unit has a ZOC (for the purposes of Enemy supply and Leader Radius paths) that comprises all six surrounding hexes.

[16.32] Mounted cavalry meleed by infantry and/or dismounted cavalry defends at twice its Current Strength.

[16.33] When one mounted cavalry unit charges another mounted cavalry unit, they both melee at their Current Strengths. Neither attacker nor defender doubles its strength.

[16.34] Mounted cavalry units may only fire through their one frontal hexside and only then if armed with pistols, Colt repeaters, or carbines.

[16.35] Mounted cavalry units are always enfiladed when fired upon, regardless of their facing.

[17.0] Leadership

GENERAL RULE

For combat units and brigade commanders to function at their full potential, they must be under the command of their immediately superior leader. Leadership affects the ability of these units to move, engage in melee combat, and engage in offensive fire. Leaders also affect morale checks and rally.

PROCEDURE

In the Initial Command Phase, the Phasing Player examines his brigade commanders to determine which are in the Division Integrity Radius of their division commander, which are independent, and which will be attached or detached from that division for the ensuing Game-Turn. The Phasing Player then examines his combat units to determine which are in command (within the Effectiveness Radius of their brigade commander, stacked with a leader, or independent). Brigade commanders that are not independent and not detached and are out of Divisional Integrity Radius of their division commander may only move one hex. Combat units which are out of the Effectiveness Radius of their brigade commander and not independent or stacked with a leader may move one hex (only), may not fire in the Friendly Offensive Fire Phase and may not initiate melee in the Friendly Melee Phase.

CASES

[17.1] Brigade Commanders

Brigade commanders are brigade leaders, controlling all regiments assigned to a brigade. All regiments within a brigade, and each regimental command unit has the name of its brigade commander printed on the counter. Brigade commander counters have three Rating Numbers. The first is that brigade commander's Effectiveness Radius, the second is his Rally Rating, and the third is his Divisional Integrity Radius should that leader be required to become a divisional leader as a result of promotion (see 17.8). Brigade commanders may only affect subordinate units and units of any command that are stacked with that leader.

[17.11] The Effectiveness Radius is the maximum number of hexes a unit may be from its brigade commander during the Initial Command Phase in order to have full movement and combat capability. A unit that is not within that Radius may be moved only one hex during that Game-Turn's Movement Phase. Furthermore, such a unit may not fire during the Offensive Fire Phase and may not initiate melee (unless already engaged in one) or change formation. However, such units may still fire defensive, withdrawal, and retreat fire and still exert a ZOC.

[17.12] The Effectiveness Radius of a brigade commander may be augmented by his divisional commander. A brigade commander that is within the Divisional Integrity Radius of his division commander may have his Effectiveness Radius increased by that commander, if the commander possesses the necessary Command Points (see 17.2).

[17.13] Brigade commanders' Rally Ratings are used to rally routed units during the Friendly Final Command Phase. For each Point in his Rally Rating a brigade commander may rally one regiment in his command that is within that brigade commander's Effectiveness Radius. Any units stacked with a brigade commander, including any not in his command, are automatically rallied at no cost in Rally Points.

[17.14] If all the subordinate units of a brigade commander have been eliminated, that brigade commander may still command any units with which he is stacked.

[17.2] Division Commanders

Division commanders are leaders responsible for the movement and detachment of brigade commanders and their brigades. Division commander counters have two Rating Numbers. The first is that commander's Divisional Integrity Radius and the second is his Command Points Rating.

[17.21] The Divisional Integrity Radius is the maximum number of hexes a subordinate brigade commander may be away from his division commander and still be able to move. A brigade commander which is outside that Radius and not detached or independent may move one hex (only) during the Friendly Movement Phase, regardless of terrain.

[17.22] A division commander may expend his Command Points to increase the Effectiveness Radius of subordinate brigade commanders. During the Initial Command Phase the commander expends his Command Points to augment those subordinate brigade commanders which are within the Divisional Integrity Radius of that commander. One Command Point is expended for each hex added to the brigade commander's Radius. A commander may split his Points among several brigade commanders so long as all the brigade commanders are within the Divisional Integrity Radius of that commander. A brigade commander may have his Effectiveness Radius increased by only one commander at a time.

[17.23] Division commanders may command combat units which are stacked with that commander during the Friendly Initial Command Phase. These units may be from any brigade and function normally for that entire Player-Turn.

[17.3] Other Commanders

There may be other commanders in a game and the effects of these commanders are detailed in the Exclusive Rules for that game.

[17.4] Effect of Presence of Leaders on Melee and Morale

Any unit stacked with at least one leader during a melee has one point added to its Melee Strength. Players subtract one from the die roll on morale checks for any unit stacked with a leader.

[17.5] Leader Stacking Restrictions

[17.51] There is no limit to the number of leaders that may be in a given hex. However, only one leader can affect a unit in that hex regardless of how many leaders are in that hex.

[17.52] Leaders must always end a Movement Phase stacked with a combat unit, with one exception: If the leader is five or more hexes distant from the nearest Enemy unit at the completion of all movement, it may remain in the hex alone.

[17.53] If a leader is stacked with a combat unit(s) that is eliminated by Fire Combat - and the leader does not suffer a casualty - the leader is immediately placed on the nearest combat unit in his command. If, as a result of fire or melee, a leader is alone in a hex that is surrounded by Enemy units, Enemy ZOC's and/or impassable terrain, that leader is captured.

[17.54] A leader is automatically captured if he is the only unit in a hex that is occupied by an Enemy combat unit.

[17.6] Detachment and Attachment of Brigades

Brigades subordinate to one divisional commander may be reassigned to another division commander. A division may only detach one of its original brigades at any one time and may only have one brigade from another command attached to it at any one time. Thus, a division which began the game with 3 brigades may be composed of as few as 2 brigades (3 - 1) or as many as 4 (3 + 1).

[17.61] Brigade detachment occurs in the Initial Command Phase. To detach a brigade the Player verbally announces which brigade is detached for the coming Game-Turn for each division capable of detaching a brigade.

[17.62] To be detached, the brigade commander of the detaching brigade must be within the Divisional Integrity Radius of his division commander during the Initial Command Phase of the Friendly Player-Turn. Once detached that brigade commander and the units subordinate to him may move independently or may be attached to another division.

[17.63] A given division may only have one of its original brigades detached at any one time and may only have one "non-original" brigade attached to it at any one time. If a brigade commander is out of the Divisional Integrity Radius of his division commander during the Initial Command Phase, that brigade commander is out of command, not detached.

[17.64] A brigade may be attached to a division other than the one it was assigned to at the start of the game if that brigade commander is within the Divisional Integrity Radius of the division commander during the Initial Command Phase. The owning Player states that the brigade is being attached. Only one brigade may ever be attached to a division although during the course of the game the brigade which is attached may be changed.

[17.65] Attaching and detaching brigades is a voluntary action. A division's brigades are never detached simply because that division commander has been killed or a brigade commander is out of divisional integrity.

[17.66] Independent brigades ("Indpnt" on the brigade commander's counter) may be attached to a division, but an independent brigade commander functions normally without needing a division commander.

[17.67] A brigade which has reached its Brigade Combat Effectiveness Limit may not be detached from its division, although it may be attached to a division if it is currently detached.

[17.68] All units in a detached brigade are still subordinate to that brigade commander (not independent).

[17.7] Leader Casualties

[17.71] Leaders may be killed, wounded or captured as a result of being involved in combat.

[17.72] Whenever a leader is stacked with a unit that suffers a combat casualty, the (owning) Player rolls two dice and refers to the Leader Casualty Table (17.76), following the instructions therein. Each leader in a hex is rolled for separately. Leader loss is checked before morale checks are conducted for the units in the hex.

[17.73] If a leader becomes a casualty, he is immediately removed from the game and the status of that leader, either killed, wounded or captured, is noted on the OB Roster for Victory Point purposes. If a leader is the only Friendly counter in a hex after a melee (or there are other leaders), it may not retreat; it is captured.

[17.74] Leaders never rout, although they may retreat with units that do rout.

[17.75] An Enemy leader alone in a hex is instantly captured at any point if a Friendly unit is moved into that hex.

[17.76] Leader Casualty Table (see charts and tables)

[17.8] Battlefield Promotions

Because of casualties, brigade and division commanders may have to be replaced from the lower ranks and other leaders promoted in their place. New leaders are placed on any unit of their command during the next Friendly Final Command Phase after the leader was removed from play.

[17.81] If a brigade commander is killed, wounded, or captured, flip the Leader Counter over to reveal the Replacement Counter for that brigade. These represent brigade-level brigade commanders that take command when the original leader is lost.

[17.82] If a replacement brigade commander is killed, wounded, or captured, the counter is not actually removed from the game. Instead it is simply redeployed on the map during the next Final Friendly Command Phase and the loss is recorded on paper. (The Replacement Counter then represents a different individual who has risen to brigade command.) There is no limit to the number of times a replacement leader may become a casualty and then be replaced. Victory Points are scored for the elimination of replacement leaders in the same manner as a regular brigade commander.

[17.83] If a division commander is killed, wounded, or captured, a brigade commander that is subordinate to the eliminated leader is promoted in his place. A new leader would then replace the promoted brigade commander. In this case the promoted leader would be one of the anonymous brigade replacement leaders. This promotion happens during the Final Command Phase. Promotion priority is detailed in the Exclusive Rules.

[17.84] All promotions take place at the end of the Friendly Final Command Phase of the Game-Turn in which the promotion is necessary, regardless of when the leader needing replacement was removed.

[17.85] When a brigade commander is promoted to division commander, he has a Divisional Integrity Radius but no Command Points.

[18.0] Brigade Combat Effectiveness

GENERAL RULE

Brigade Combat Effectiveness (BCE) is a numerical measure of the morale of each brigade. A given brigade's BCE may be reduced by various factors (e.g., casualties, ammo depletion) as listed in the Exclusive Rules. Reduction of the BCE beyond a certain degree (which varies from brigade to brigade) will result in a unit, "losing BCE." The effects of BCE loss are described in the Exclusive Rules.

PROCEDURE

Each brigade is listed on the OB Roster, and for each there are a number of blank boxes. Each time the strength of an infantry or cavalry unit of a given brigade is reduced, that brigade's BCE is reduced. The reduction is indicated by marking one (or more) box(es). When all the boxes to the left of the Victory Point award have been marked, that brigade has lost its Brigade Combat Effectiveness.

Charts and Tables

[13.15] Seeing the Elephant Table (Green Units only)

Use two dice. See Case 13.14 for an explanation of how the table is used.

Dice	Morale Rating
2	4
3	3
4	1
5	4
6	2
7	3
8	1
9	3
10	2
11	5
12	4

[17.76] Leader Casualty Table

Use two dice. The numbers listed are the numbers needed to be rolled on two dice in order for the listed result to apply.

	"K" melee	Small-arms	Artillery	"C" melee	"Rpls" melee
Wounded	6	5	3	-	2
Killed	2 or 12	2 or 12	2	-	12
Captured	-	-	-	2-4	-

Standard Game-Turn Sequence of Play

First Player-Turn
- A. Initial Command Phase
- B. Movement Phase
- C. Defensive Fire Phase
- D. Offensive Fire Phase
- E. Retreat Before Melee Phase
- F. Melee Phase
- G. Ammunition Resupply Phase
- H. Rally Phase
- J. Final Command Phase
Second Player-Turn
Game-Turn Record Interphase

Note: See the Exclusive Rules for additional Phases or Interphases.

Standard Rules Charts and Tables

(Note: Stonewall uses its own Fire Combat Effects table printed on the Stonewall map, see rule 21.72. The standard tables from the Standard Rules are reproduced below.)

[9.16] Fire Combat Results Table

Total Fire Strength directed into hex. The first row of column headings is for Grapeshot (artillery fire against infantry or cavalry); the second row is for Small-arms and Counter-battery fire.

Grapeshot	3 or less	4 to 8	9 to 11	12 to 15	16 to 21	22 to 28	29 to 35	36 to 43	44 to 52	53 to 62	63+
Small-arms and Counter-battery	0 or less	1 to 3	4 to 6	7 to 10	11 to 14	15 to 20	21 to 27	28 to 34	35 to 42	43 to 50	51+
Die 1 (Ammo Deplete (?))	-	-	-	-	P

# = Lose indicated number of Combat Strength Points/guns and make a Morale Check for the affected unit(s). P/R = Pin or Rout. Roll one die; if result is equal to or lower than the unit's morale, unit is pinned; if higher, the unit routs. P or R = possible Pin or Rout respectively. Roll a die; if the roll is higher than the unit's morale then the unit is pinned or routed; if it is the same or lower, no effect. #* = Lose indicated number of Strength Points/guns and make a Morale Check. If unit passes the Morale Check, roll again; if the result is higher than the unit's Morale, it is pinned; if lower, it is not pinned. - = No effect.

[8.35] Density Adjustment Chart

Number of Strength Points in Hex	1-2	3-6	7-9	10+
Effect	-1	0	+1	+2

The effect is the number of column shifts applied to the Fire Combat Results Tables either to the left (-) or right (+). Note: A battery counts as one Strength Point for density purposes and a wagon counts as four.

[11.34] Ammunition Loss Table

Die	Fire Combat Result 1	2	3
1	0/1	1/2	2/3
2	1/2	2/3	3/4
3	2/4	3/5	4/6
4	2/5	3/6	4/8
5	2/6	3/8	4/E
6	3/8	4/E	WE

Results to the left of the slash apply to the wagon's small-arms supply; to the right its artillery supply. # = The number of ammunition points of that type lost. The loss is indicated by marking off that number of boxes on the wagon's Supply Track on the OB Roster. E = All artillery ammunition is eliminated and marked off the wagon's supply. WE = The supply wagon is eliminated and removed from play.

Procedure: Use the combat result number from the artillery fire on the wagon as the column on this table. Roll a die and cross-index the column with the die roll to determine the amount of ammunition lost.

[12.98] Melee Combat Results Table

Melee Strength Differential (Attacker minus Defender). Each cell shows the effect on the Attacker (Attkr) over the effect on the Defender (Defdr).

Die	-4	-3	-2	-1	0	+1	+2	+3	+4	+5	+6
1	R2 / -	Rpls / Rpls	Eng / Eng	K / C1R2	- / C1R2	- / C1R2	- / C1R3	- / C2R3	- / C2R3	- / C2R3	- / C2R3
2	C1R2 / -	R2 / -	Rpls / Rpls	Eng / Eng	K / C1R2	- / R2

Attkr = Effect on Attacker. Defdr = Effect on Defender. K = Strength Point becomes a casualty. C1, 2, or 3 = That number of Strength Points is captured by the Enemy. R2 or 3 = Units must retreat that number of hexes, then perform a Morale Check. Eng = The units are Engaged; see 12.94. - = No result against that side. Rpls = The units are Repulsed; see 12.95. Terrain and Leader Effects on Melee Combat; see 12.3 and 12.4. Retreats are always executed after losses; thus, a C2R2 means remove two Points which are captured, then retreat the remaining units two hexes. Differentials less than -4 are treated as -4; differentials greater than +6 are treated as +6.

[9.73] Line of Sight Gauge

(A graph is printed on the final page of the Standard Rules: hex distance 0 to 60 along the vertical axis and elevation in feet, 0 to 255 in increments of five, along the horizontal axis. It is used as described in rule 9.73, Line of Sight Gauge Procedure. It contains no text beyond axis labels.)